Al2(SO4)3 IS AN EFFICIENT AND MILD ACID CATALYST FOR THE ONE-POT, FOUR-COMPONENT SYNTHESIS OF POLYHYDROQUINOLINE

Kulkarni, Pramod

doi:10.4067/s0717-97072014000100017

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…ZnO showed higher catalytic performance than metallic Zn, in agreement with findings previously reported by Hattori et al (1994). Even though ZnO and SnCl 2 are both Lewis acids, ZnO had a higher reaction rate than that of SnCl 2 , which was also consistent with results previously reported (Tamaddon et al , 2005; Kulkarni, 2014). ZnO was, therefore, selected as the catalyst for this esterification reaction.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Preparation of PEG-rosin derivative for water soluble rosin flux

Phaphon

Wacharasindhu

Petsom

2016

SSMT

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Purpose This study aims to synthesize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-rosin derivatives from rosin and PEG for the production of solid soldering fluxes. The PEG-rosin derivatives would be water soluble, and the resulting solid soldering fluxes would have reasonable wetting ability when combined with a low-halide-content activator. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a synthetic process for PEG-rosin derivatives. The reaction conditions (including catalyst type, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and PEG type) were optimized for the synthesis of PEG-rosin derivatives. The chemical and physical properties of PEG-rosin derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography. The production and characteristics of water-soluble rosin fluxes (WSRFs) were studied according to the standards of the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Committees. Findings WSRs were successfully synthesized from rosin and PEG using 2 per cent ZnO as a catalyst, with a 2:1 molar ratio of rosin:PEG at 250°C over 9 h. The resulting WSRs were completely soluble in water. As the PEG3000-rosin had the highest melting point (55.2°C), it was chosen for the preparation of the WSRFs. Activators such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, ethylamine hydrochloride and diethylamine hydrobromide were selected for use in the production of the fluxes. It was found that WSRF 09 and WSRF 04 gave the best performance with the lead-free Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy in terms of good solderability, low halide content (less than 1,500 ppm), high insulation resistance and low corrosion. These fluxes were applied to produce solder pastes with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy and they passed the performance tests as expected for solder paste. Research limitations/implications Further studies are necessary on large-scale production and to compare the performance of these fluxes to those from conventional water-soluble fluxes currently available in the market. Application of these fluxes on low-temperature solder alloys such as SnZn and SnBi (Ren et al., 2016) worth further study. Originality/value The classification of flux systems according to the JIS 3283 standard does not specify PEG-rosin derivatives in the flux; nevertheless, ranking of the flux systems based on the halide content and corrosion properties of activators would be useful information when selecting flux systems for electronics soldering in water-washable applications. The application of these fluxes in solder paste gave very promising results and is worth investigating into more detail, as well as field test.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Preparation of PEG-rosin derivative for water soluble rosin flux

Phaphon

Wacharasindhu

Petsom

2016

SSMT

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“…Zinc oxide showed the most effective catalyst as it resulted in the highest conversion of ester at 5 hours due to lewis acid performance of this catalyst however zinc dust did not, it may suggest that zinc cation is more readily dissolved from oxide surface into the reaction media comparing with metallic Zn [9]. Even though zinc oxide and tin chloride are lewis acid but zinc oxide showed higher reaction rate than tin chloride due to moisture and temperature stable of zinc oxide and the result showed consistence with previous studied [10], [11]. Therefore zinc oxide was selected for esterification reaction.…”

Section: B Study Of Influence Of Catalyst Type On the Esterificationsupporting

confidence: 73%

Synthesis and Characterization of Water Soluble Rosin-Polyethylene Glycol 1500 Derivative

Kanlaya¹,

Sumrit²,

Amorn³

2016

IJCEA

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Abstract-This research aims to synthesize and characterize of rosin-polyethylene glycol derivatives from natural rosin and polyethylene glycol 1500 (PEG1500). In this research, reaction conditions for the synthesis of rosin-PEG derivatives such as catalyst type, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and etc. were optimized. Chemical and physical properties of water soluble rosin (WSR) were characterized using FT-IR, 13 C-NMR, DSC, and GPC. It was found that water soluble rosin-PEG derivatives were successful synthesized from natural china rosin and PEG using 2% ZnO as catalyst, 2:1 molar ratio of rosin: PEG at 250 O C for 9 hours. The obtained rosin-PEG1500 derivative were completely soluble in water and rosin-PEG1500 derivative showed melting point at 40.6Index Terms-Water soluble rosin, polyethylene glycol 1500, esterification, zinc oxide.

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“…Some representative examples of catalysts used for this coupling include I 2 , 7 metal triflates, 8 ceric ammonium nitrate, 9 Baker's yeast, 10 organocatalysts, 11 zeolites, 12 Ph 3 P, 13 GaCl 3 , 14 thiourea dioxide, 15 thiazolium ion, 16 sulphamic acid, 17 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , 18 La 2 O 3 , 19 and nanoparticles. 20 Syntheses of PHQs have also been carried out in various ionic liquids as solvents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%