Albedo of the Sea Surface

Payne, Richard E.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0959:aotss>2.0.co;2

Cited by 505 publications

(364 citation statements)

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“…Heat flux parameterisation Sensible and Latent Heat: Smith (1980Smith ( , 1988 as v1.1 Wind Stress (Smith, 1980) Net Shortwave (Reed, 1977;Payne, 1972), Net Longwave (Clark et al, 1974) and remove any bias in the observations. As a result, this quantity has been set to zero in the OI.…”

Section: Uncertainties Biases and Error Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Air–Sea fluxes from ICOADS: the construction of a new gridded dataset with uncertainty estimates

Berry

Kent

2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

102

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ABSTRACT:The methods used to calculate a new in situ global dataset of air-sea exchanges, called the NOCS Flux Dataset v2.0, are described. The fluxes have been derived from in situ weather reports from Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) covering the period 1973-2006. The reports have been adjusted for known biases and residual uncertainties estimated. The dataset is constructed using Optimal Interpolation (OI) using new estimates of random uncertainty in the observations. Daily fields have been calculated on a 1°latitude by 1°longitude grid, each grid box and time step have an associated uncertainty estimate. Monthly fields have been calculated from simple averages of the daily fields and monthly uncertainty estimates from the daily uncertainties, using estimates of the autocorrelation between the daily uncertainty estimates. The uncertainties due to the choice of flux parameterisation have not been accounted for. Bias adjustments applied to the data are shown to reduce trends in the data and to improve the consistency of estimates of air temperature, sea surface temperature (SST) and specific humidity. The bias adjustments also improve the agreement of NOCS v2.0 with independent data from research moorings. Cross-validation of the dataset suggests that the uncertainty estimates are realistic, but that the uncertainties are probably underestimated in high variability regions and overestimated in regions with lower variability. Copyright BackgroundReliable estimates of air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum are needed to improve our understanding of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. The main physical interactions at the sea surface are the turbulent heat, moisture and momentum fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere, the radiative warming of the ocean surface by solar radiation and the net cooling of the ocean surface by thermal radiation. Direct measurements of the turbulent fluxes are typically only made on air-sea interaction research cruises and dedicated moored buoys and platforms. This limits the availability of direct flux measurements in space and time and their usefulness for global studies. As a result, global marine flux datasets are typically constructed using bulk estimates of the mean meteorological parameters and bulk parameterisations (or bulk formulae) developed using coincident measurements of the direct and radiative fluxes and mean meteorological variables from research cruises.The meteorological parameters required by the bulk formulae are: air temperature and humidity; sea surface temperature (SST); wind speed; sea level pressure; and cloud cover. These parameters are available from different sources including ship and buoy observations,

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Section: Uncertainties Biases and Error Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The fluxes and flux uncertainty can then be calculated from the daily meteorological fields. As in NOCS v1.1, we use the bulk formulae of Smith (1980Smith ( , 1988 for the turbulent fluxes, Reed (1977) for net shortwave flux using the albedo values of Payne (1972) and Clark et al (1974) for the net longwave flux (Table I).…”

Section: Surface Flux Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air–Sea fluxes from ICOADS: the construction of a new gridded dataset with uncertainty estimates

Berry

Kent

2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

102

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“…where QSWDow N is measured using an Eppley 8-48 pyranometer and Ab is the albedo of the sea surface, which is determined empirically as a function of the solar angle and atmospheric transmissivity [Payne, 1972].…”

Section: Qtot --Qswne T + Qlwne T + Qlat + Qsen (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between synoptic weather systems and meteorological forcing on the North Carolina inner shelf

Austin

Lentz

1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. A strong relationship is observed between synoptic weather systems and atmospheric forcing of the ocean as estimated from buoy measurements made on the North Carolina inner shelf during August and October-November 1994 as part of the Coastal Ocean Processes (COOP) Inner Shelf Study. Synoptic variation (timescales of days to weeks) in the meteorological time series was primarily associated with the passage of atmospheric frontal systems. The most common synoptic weather pattern observed was the passage of a low-pressure center to the north of the study site, which caused the associated cold front to pass over the study region. Before passage of the cold front, warm, moist northeastward winds increased the heat flux into the ocean, whereas after the cold front passed, cold, dry southwestward winds decreased the heat flux into the ocean. In addition, in the presence of oceanic stratification, northeastward winds drove coastal upwelling, bringing colder water to the surface, further increasing the air-sea temperature contrast and hence the heat flux into the ocean inshore of the surface front between cool upwelled water and warmer water offshore. The decrease in surface heat flux during the passage of a cold front was of order 400 W m -2, due primarily to a decrease in latent heat flux. Although other synoptic patterns were observed, including one warm front passage and two tropical storm systems, the dominance of cold fronts as a source of variability resulted in a strong positive correlation between the along-shelf component of wind stress and the surface heat flux. To address the issue of spatial variation in the surface heat fluxes, data from several different sources located along a cross-shelf transect were analyzed. This analysis suggests that the temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer undergoes adjustment when warm air blows over cold water but not when cold air blows over warm water. This produces cross-shelf gradients in the bulk estimates of turbulent heat fluxes during offshore winds but not during onshore winds.

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“…According to Jin et al (2004), the surface albedo is a function of the transmissivity (cloud cover, atmospheric load of aerosol and water vapour), zenith angle, ocean surface state (wind velocity) and chlorophyll water content. Payne (1972) found that the albedo does not depend on the solar zenith angle when the transmissivity values are below 0.1. On the other hand, for transmissivity between 0.60 and 0.65 the albedo shows a very well defined variation with solar zenith angle, following closely the behaviour described Equation (7).…”

Section: Surface Albedomentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the diurnal evolution of surface radiation balance over the western region of Tropical Atlantic Ocean using in situ measurements carried out during the FluTuA Project

Bacellar¹,

Oliveira²,

Soares³

et al. 2008

Meteorological Applications

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ABSTRACT:In this work, the diurnal evolution of the radiation balance components over the tropical Atlantic Ocean is described and analysed. The analysis is based on measurements carried out on board a Brazilian Navy ship during the observational campaign of the FluTuA Project ('Fluxos Turbulentos sobre o Atlântico'), from 15 to 23 May 2002. The observations indicated that the albedo responds as expected to atmospheric attenuation effects with a diurnal evolution similar to the Fresnel albedo. In general, the observed longwave radiation values agreed better with the estimated values obtained without longwave reflection. In agreement with the literature, the average surface emissivity was around 0.97. The net radiation, estimated from published equations for albedo, atmospheric transmissivity and surface emissivity, agreed with the observations, indicating that these parameters are representative of the radiometric properties of the air-sea interface in the region between Natal (6°S, 35.2°W) and the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (1°N, 29.3°W).

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Albedo of the Sea Surface

Cited by 505 publications

References 0 publications

Air–Sea fluxes from ICOADS: the construction of a new gridded dataset with uncertainty estimates

Air–Sea fluxes from ICOADS: the construction of a new gridded dataset with uncertainty estimates

The relationship between synoptic weather systems and meteorological forcing on the North Carolina inner shelf

Assessing the diurnal evolution of surface radiation balance over the western region of Tropical Atlantic Ocean using in situ measurements carried out during the FluTuA Project

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