Alcohol abrogates human norovirus infectivity in a pH-dependent manner

Sato, Shintaro; Matsumoto, Naomi; Hisaie, Kota; Uematsu, Satoshi

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72609-z

Cited by 28 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…This finding indicates that simple RT-qPCR might underestimate the potential of disinfectants to inactivate HuNoV. Recently, an in vitro method for HuNoV propagation employing human intestinal organoids has been developed [23] and introduced to evaluate the inactivation capability of several disinfectants on HuNoV [22,24]. Although this method is still challenging and not standardized to compare the decontamination efficiency of disinfectants on HuNoV, a propagation assay using human intestinal organoids will help to understand the mechanism of CA to inactivate HuNoV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of human norovirus by chlorous acid water, a novel chlorine-based disinfectant

Goda

Nakayama‐Imaohji

Yamaoka

et al. 2022

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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Introduction: Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of infectious gastroenteritis. Since HuNoV shows resistance to alcohol, chlorine-based sanitizers are applied to decontaminate the virus on environmental surfaces. Chlorous acid water (CA) has been recently approved as a novel chlorine-based disinfectant categorized as a Type 2 OTC medicine in Japan. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the capability of CA to inactivate HuNoV. Methods: HuNoV (genogroups GII.2 and GII.4) was exposed to the test disinfectants including CA and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and the residual RNA copy was measured by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) after pretreatment with RNase. In addition, the log 10 reduction of HuNoV RNA copy number by CA and NaClO was compared in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), polypeptone, meat extract or amino acids to evaluate the stability of these disinfectants under organic-matter-rich conditions. Results: In the absence of organic substances, CA with 200 ppm free available chlorine provided >3.0 log 10 reduction in the HuNoV RNA copy number within 5 min. Even under high organic matter load (0.3% each of BSA and SRBC or 0.5% polypeptone), 200 ppm CA achieved >3.0 log 10 reduction in HuNoV RNA copy number while less than 1.0 log 10 reduction was observed with 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the presence of 0.5% polypeptone. CA reacted with only cysteine, histidine and glutathione while NaClO reacted with all of the amino acids tested. Conclusions: CA is an effective disinfectant to inactivate HuNoV under organic-matter-rich conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of human norovirus by chlorous acid water, a novel chlorine-based disinfectant

Goda

Nakayama‐Imaohji

Yamaoka

et al. 2022

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

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“…It is well known that alcohol has a minimal virucidal effect and that sodium hypochlorite is effective for disinfecting these nonenveloped viruses. Sato et al reported that low-pH alcohol (acid-alcohol) had virucidal efficacy against human norovirus, indicating enhancement of the virucidal effect of alcohol by acidification 24 . On the other hand, enteroviruses are well recognized to be stable under acidic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of a nonalcoholic disinfectant containing metal ions, with broad antimicrobial activity

Matsubara

Maki²,

Toshimori³

2021

Sci Rep

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Disinfectants have different efficacies depending on their use and the target microorganism. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of our new nonalcoholic disinfectant, which consists mainly of metal ions. According to the 17th revised Japanese Pharmacopoeia and ASTM international E1052 method, the bactericidal and virucidal efficacy of this new disinfectant against 13 microorganisms was evaluated by the in vitro quantitative suspension test. Additionally, the disinfectant cytotoxicity against multiple cell lines was examined. Then, a safety test using a human open patch test was performed with 26 healthy volunteers. This disinfectant showed strong bactericidal and virucidal activities: all microorganisms except enterovirus were inactivated very quickly. The infectivity of 12 microbial strains was eliminated within 5 min of disinfectant exposure. Additionally, this disinfectant showed little acute cytotoxicity in vitro. All volunteers were negative in the human open patch test. Our new disinfectant has a broad spectrum of microbial targets, is safe for human skin, and demonstrates no cytotoxicity. This disinfectant could prevent common microbial infections.

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“…Alcohol-mediated lysis of the viral envelope that leads to the release of the internal content is shown in Figure 2. In addition, there are plausible mechanisms of alcohol as virucidal including pH-dependent inactivation, divalent metal ions, and oxidative stress for non-enveloped viruses [57][58][59]. It is worth mentioning that a study reported a greater amplification in virucidal activity against the enveloped coronaviruses with 75% isopropanol compared to the 85% ethanol-based formulation [60].…”

Section: Effects Of Different Alcohols On Coronavirus Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans

Deb

2021

Life

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative organism that is highly contagious and has been responsible for more than 240 million cases and 5 million deaths worldwide. Using masks, soap-based hand washing, and maintaining social distancing are some of the common methods to prevent the spread of the virus. In the absence of any preventive medications, from the outset of pandemic, alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) have been one of the first-line measures to control transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this narrative review is to evaluate the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards ABHS and understand their potential adverse effects on humans. Ethanol and isopropanol have been the most commonly used alcohols in ABHS (e.g., gel, solution, spray, wipes, or foam) with alcohol in the range of 70–85% v/v in World Health Organization or Food and Drug Administration-approved ABHS. The denaturation of proteins around the envelope of SARS-CoV-2 positive sense single-stranded RNA virus is the major mechanism of action of ABHS. Due to frequent use of high-percentage alcohol-containing ABHS over an extended period of time, the oral, dermal, or pulmonary absorption is a possibility. In addition to the systemic toxicity, topical adverse effects such as contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis are plausible and have been reported during COVID-19. ABHS appear to be effective in controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with the concern of oral, dermal, or pulmonary absorption.

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Alcohol abrogates human norovirus infectivity in a pH-dependent manner

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Inactivation of human norovirus by chlorous acid water, a novel chlorine-based disinfectant

Inactivation of human norovirus by chlorous acid water, a novel chlorine-based disinfectant

The effectiveness of a nonalcoholic disinfectant containing metal ions, with broad antimicrobial activity

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans

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