Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review.

Stewart, Sherry H.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.83

Cited by 570 publications

(474 citation statements)

References 269 publications

(402 reference statements)

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“…Such self medication behavior, however, is typically seen as an avoidance coping strategy, which is usually not associated with positive outcomes (23,24,54,56). Thus, it is entirely possible that attempts at alcohol withdrawal may actually intensify symptoms for individuals with PTSD or depression (15,18,55). These reactions may interfere with the resolution of the traumatic experience, prolonging symptoms following the disaster.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alcohol Use, Mental Health Status and Psychological Well-being 2 Years After the World Trade Center Attacks in New York City

Adams

Boscarino

Galea

2006

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

116

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Over the past 30 years, studies have shown that survivors of community-wide disasters suffer from a variety of physical and mental health problems. Researchers also have documented increased substance use in the aftermath of these disasters. In the present study, we examined the relationship between alcohol use and mental health status within the context of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City (NYC). The data for the present report come from a 2-wave panel study of adults living in NYC on the day of the attacks. Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2) interviews occurred one year and two years after the attacks, respectively. Overall, 2,368 individuals completed the W1 survey (cooperation rate, 63%) and 1,681 completed the W2 survey (re-interview rate, 71%). The alcohol use variables examined were binge drinking, alcohol dependence, increased days drinking, and increased drinks per day. The outcomes examined included measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, BSI-18-Global Severity and measures of SF12-mental and physical health status. After controlling for demographic, stress, and resource factors, multivariate logistic regressions indicated that all alcohol measures were related to one or more of these outcomes. In particular, binge drinking was related to partial PTSD, while alcohol dependence was associated subsyndromal PTSD, severity of PTSD, depression, BSI-18 global severity, and SF-12 poor mental health status. Increased post-disaster drinking was positively associated with subsyndromal PTSD and negatively associated with SF-12 physical health. We discuss reasons for these results and the negative consequences that heavy alcohol use may have on the postdisaster recovery process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, individuals my use substances like alcohol to cope with symptoms associated with psychological problems (54,55). For example, alcohol use may dampen the physiological responses related to PTSD such as hyperarousal or re-experiencing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Use, Mental Health Status and Psychological Well-being 2 Years After the World Trade Center Attacks in New York City

Adams

Boscarino

Galea

2006

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

116

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“…Youth with CU traits also tend to be highly reward-sensitive , leading them to seek out substances regardless of their environmental context. The association between violence exposure and drug use or related legal issues is often explained by the self-medication hypothesis, stating that the emotional sequelae of a traumatic event leads to subsequent substance use as a method of relieving painful symptoms or memories (Brown & Wolfe, 1994;Khantzian, 1985;Stewart, 1996). This process may help explain drug abuse among those who are both directly exposed to aggression through physical abuse or neglect and those who witness severe violence in the family or community; thus, the association is strengthened among CU individuals, who may be already susceptible to drug problems, particularly for this detained sample of boys.…”

Section: Exposure To Violence Mediates the Link Between Cu Traits Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violence Exposure Mediates the Relation Between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Offending Patterns in Adolescents

Howard

Kimonis

Muñoz

et al. 2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Citation for published item:row rdD eFvF nd uimonisD iF F nd gentif nti @n¡ ee wu£ nozAD vFgF nd pri kD FtF @PHIPA 9 iolen e exposure medi tes the rel tion etween llousEunemotion l tr its nd o'ending p tterns in doles entsF9D tourn l of norm l hild psy hologyFD RH @VAF ppF IPQUEIPRUFFurther information on publisher's website:The original publication is available at www.springerlink.comAdditional information:Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

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“…PTSD symptoms (Brady, Back, & Coffey, 2004;Stewart, 1996). Other studies have found AUD may increase risk of development of PTSD or be associated with a more severe and chronic course of symptoms (Acierno et al, 1999;Conrod & Stewart, 2003;Cottler et al, 1992).…”

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confidence: 98%

Alcohol problems and posttraumatic stress disorder in female crime victims

et al. 2006

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Comorbidity between alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been well documented. However, there are few longitudinal studies with acute trauma samples. The present study examined symptoms of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and PTSD longitudinally after assault. Female sexual (n = 69) and physical assault victims (n = 39) were assessed 2 to 4 weeks and 3 months post trauma. Women who had lifetime AUD had higher intrusive and avoidance symptoms than those who did not have AUD. Women who had any alcohol problems had higher PTSD symptoms. Participants who had alcohol problems had the same pattern of symptom recovery as those who did not have alcohol problems but remained more symptomatic over the 3 months. These findings suggest that early intervention strategies for women who have previous histories of alcohol problems and seek medical attention early post trauma may be indicated.Exposure to traumatic stressors has been associated with development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), elevated rates of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), and frequent comorbidity of the two disorders (Breslau, Davis, Peterson, & Schultz, 1997;Stewart, Pihl, Conrod, & Dongier, 1998). AUDs have been associated with more severe PTSD symptoms, such as elevated avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms (Back, Sonne, Killeen, Dansky, & Brady, 2003;Stewart, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 1999) and more reexperiencing symptoms (Read, Brown, & Kahler, 2004).Research examining temporal relationships between AUD and PTSD has yielded mixed results (Acierno, Resnick, Kilpatrick, Saunders, & Best, 1999;Breslau et al., 1997;Cottler, Compton, Mager, Spitznagel, & Janca, 1992;Darves-Bornoz et al., 1998;Sonne, Back, Zuniga, Randall, & Brady, 2003). Several studies have found PTSD increases risk of first onset of AUD in women Stewart et al., 1999) (Brady, Back, & Coffey, 2004;Stewart, 1996). Other studies have found AUD may increase risk of development of PTSD or be associated with a more severe and chronic course of symptoms (Acierno et al., 1999;Conrod & Stewart, 2003;Cottler et al., 1992). Additionally, women appear more vulnerable to alcohol-related consequences at lower levels of alcohol exposure than men (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). However, the impact of this vulnerability on the course of PTSD in women has not been examined to date.Despite general consensus that the combination of PTSD and AUD is associated with worse outcomes for both disorders (Stewart et al., 1998), few longitudinal studies have been conducted soon after trauma exposure. Because the impact of previous AUD on development of PTSD has been relatively understudied, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of AUD on the course of PTSD symptoms in female crime victims early post trauma. Our results represent a secondary set of analyses from a larger study designed to examine postassault changes in functioning and factors affecting recovery (Kaysen, Scher, Mastnak, & Resick, 2005). For the present study we hypothesize...

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Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review.

Abstract: This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

Cited by 570 publications

References 269 publications

Alcohol Use, Mental Health Status and Psychological Well-being 2 Years After the World Trade Center Attacks in New York City

Alcohol Use, Mental Health Status and Psychological Well-being 2 Years After the World Trade Center Attacks in New York City

Violence Exposure Mediates the Relation Between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Offending Patterns in Adolescents

Alcohol problems and posttraumatic stress disorder in female crime victims

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