Alcohol and marijuana co-use: Consequences, subjective intoxication, and the operationalization of simultaneous use

Sokolovsky, Alexander W.; Gunn, Rachel L.; Micalizzi, Lauren; White, Helene Raskin; Jackson, Kristina M.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107986

Cited by 116 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Research on the consequences of SAM use at the between-person and within-person level suggest that SAM is associated with higher and more frequent levels of alcohol and marijuana use and with numerous alcohol-related consequences, including unsafe driving behaviors [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], social problems, substance use disorders, and cognitive problems compared to non-users or to youth who exclusively use either alcohol or marijuana, even after controlling for sociodemographic factors [ 5 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. However, results from recent within-person studies suggest the observed associations between SAM use and negative consequences may largely be due to increases in alcohol consumed on SAM days, rather than SAM itself [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies directly comparing outcomes between SAM and CAM and the relation between SAM use frequency and outcomes are more limited. Several studies have found that both SAM and CAM users experience comparable alcohol and marijuana related risks [ 17 , 19 ]. Others studies have found that SAM use (versus CAM use) is associated with heavier alcohol and cannabis use [ 1 , 5 ] and some (but not all) negative alcohol-related consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Thompson

Holley

Sturgess

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Increases in cannabis use among young people has heightened concern about the potential interactive health effects of cannabis with other drugs. We examined the longitudinal association between concurrent and simultaneous (SAM) co-use of alcohol and cannabis in young adulthood on mental health symptoms, substance use behaviors, and substance-related harms two years later. Data were drawn from Time 5 (T5; n = 464; 46% male) and 6 (T6; n = 478; 45% male) of the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey. At T5, 42% of participants used alcohol-only, 13% used concurrently, 41% used SAM, 1% were cannabis only users, and 3% abstained from cannabis and alcohol. Boys were more likely to use SAM. Higher T5 SAM use frequency was associated with heavier use of substances, more substance-related harms, and symptoms of psychosis and externalizing problems at T6. T5 Concurrent use was associated with conduct symptoms, illicit drug use, and alcohol use disorders at T6 relative to alcohol-only use. Cannabis is commonly used with alcohol and the findings suggest that any co-use (concurrent or simultaneous) may be problematic in young adulthood. Public health messages need to explicitly inform consumers about the possible consequences of using both alcohol and marijuana and the addictive pharmacological impact of using them together.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Thompson

Holley

Sturgess

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…See Stevens et al (2020) for additional details regarding the parent study’s daily phase. See also Sokolovsky et al (2020) for a flow chart of data collection for the parent study summarized above.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Co‐use of alcohol and cannabis is common (Metrik et al, 2018; Subbaraman and Kerr, 2015, 2020; Terry‐McElrath and Patrick, 2018; Yurasek et al, 2017), particularly among college students (O’Hara, Armeli, and Tennen, 2016; White et al, 2019). Most alcohol and cannabis co‐users have used these 2 substances simultaneously so that their effects overlapped (i.e., simultaneous alcohol and marijuana [SAM] use), which is problematic (Barrett, Darredeau, and Pihl, 2006; Martin, Clifford, and Clapper, 1992; Sokolovsky, Gunn, Micalizzi, White, and Jackson, 2020; Subbaraman and Kerr, 2015; White et al, 2019). Indeed, decades of research have shown that simultaneous use is particularly risky, relative to co‐use and mono‐substance use (Bailey et al, 2019; Earleywine and Newcomb, 1997; Li et al, 2013; Martin, 2008).…”

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the Combination Matter? Examining the Influence of Alcohol and Cannabis Product Combinations on Simultaneous Use and Consequences in Daily Life

Stevens

Aston

Gunn

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Alcohol and marijuana/cannabis are frequently used simultaneously (i.e., SAM use). SAM use is complex, and the ways in which alcohol and cannabis are simultaneously used may reveal differential effects. The purpose of this study was to examine day‐level effects of distinct alcohol and cannabis product combinations on simultaneous use and consequences on that day. Methods College student SAM users (N = 274; 50% women; Mage = 19.82 years) were recruited to complete 54 days of data collection, including 5 repeated daily surveys each day. We identified 12 distinct product combinations reported during SAM‐use days. We tested 4 reference groups, with one reflecting the most common use pattern and 3 potentially risky use patterns. We considered 3 outcomes (negative consequences, number of drinks, and number of cannabis uses) and used generalized linear mixed‐effects models disentangling within‐ from between‐person effects in all analyses. Results Using multiple products (≥2) of alcohol was consistently linked to higher odds of experiencing a negative consequence. Combining beer with only one cannabis product (leaf or concentrate) was consistently associated with lower odds of a consequence. Combining cannabis with multiple alcohol products was associated with heavier alcohol consumption. Using dual cannabis products also was associated with heavier cannabis consumption, but this pattern was not significantly different than using concentrate only on a given day. Conclusion This is the first study to examine day‐level influences of distinct alcohol and cannabis product combinations on consumption and consequences among young adult SAM users. Findings suggest that mixing alcohol products confers greater risk for negative consequences and heavier consumption, whereas there is little difference in cannabis consumption when using concentrate only vs. 2 cannabis products on a given day, except for concentrate + beer. Our findings support existing protective strategies of not mixing alcohol products and avoiding use of cannabis concentrate for SAM use as well.

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Stress and Affect as Daily Risk Factors for Substance Use Patterns: an Application of Latent Class Analysis for Daily Diary Data

et al. 2021

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Alcohol and marijuana co-use: Consequences, subjective intoxication, and the operationalization of simultaneous use

Cited by 116 publications

References 44 publications

Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Does the Combination Matter? Examining the Influence of Alcohol and Cannabis Product Combinations on Simultaneous Use and Consequences in Daily Life

Stress and Affect as Daily Risk Factors for Substance Use Patterns: an Application of Latent Class Analysis for Daily Diary Data

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