We investigated the relationship between germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (Snps) in Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), and their gene-environment and gene-gene interactions, and clear-cell Rcc (ccRcc) risk. furthermore, we assessed the relationship between VHL Snps and VHL promoter methylation. three VHL polymorphisms and one HIF1A polymorphism were genotyped in the Netherlands Cohort Study. In 1986, 120,852 participants aged 55-69 completed a self-administered questionnaire on diet and lifestyle and toenail clippings were collected. Toenail DNA was genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. After 20.3 years, 3004 subcohort members and 406 RCC cases, of which 263 ccRCC cases, were eligible for multivariate case-cohort analyses. VHL_rs779805 was associated with RCC (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.53; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.07-2.17) and ccRCC risk (HR 1.88; 95% CI 1.25-2.81). No associations were found for other SNPs. Potential gene-environment interactions were found between alcohol consumption and selected SNPs. However, none remained statistically significant after multiple comparison correction. no gene-gene interactions were observed between VHL and HIF1A. VHL promoter methylation was not associated with VHL Snps. VHL SNPs may increase (cc)RCC susceptibility. No associations were found between gene-environment and gene-gene interactions and (cc)Rcc risk and between VHL promoter methylation and VHL Snps. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene are important drivers of carcinogenesis in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) 1. For sporadic ccRCC, biallelic inactivation of VHL because of rare, but highly penetrant, somatic mutations is relatively common 2,3. Previous studies have estimated that 50-82% of patients with sporadic ccRCC have a mutation in the VHL gene 4-8. The VHL gene encodes the VHL tumor suppressor protein (pVHL). Inactivation of pVHL leads to the unchecked accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A), which facilitates oxygen delivery, adaptation to oxygen deprivation and angiogenesis 1,9. Therefore, genetic or epigenetic alterations in VHL and HIF1A may lead to enhanced cell survival and carcinogenesis. In contrast to the rare, but highly penetrant, sequence alterations leading to VHL loss, some germline Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly frequent, but have a low penetrance. In general, SNPs account for many different phenotypes as they may alter disease susceptibility by affecting the gene's function 10. Genome-wide