Alcohol-related attentional biases in recently detoxified inpatients with severe alcohol use disorder: an eye-tracking approach

Bollen, Zoé; Pabst, Arthur; Masson, Nicolas; Billaux, Pauline; D’Hondt, Fabien; Deleuze, Jory; Longueville, Xavier De; Lambot, Carine; Maurage, Pierre

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108803

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As this latter measure is known to reflect the processes related to controlled maintenance of attention, AB would thus appear at the later and more controlled stages of attentional processing in subclinical drinkers rather than being characterized by an early and involuntary hijacking of attention provoked by alcohol-related stimuli as postulated by dominant models in addiction (Bechara, 2005; Wiers et al, 2007). However, this could also be due to the higher reliability of dwell time measure reported in the present study and in previous ones (Bollen et al, 2020, 2021; Christiansen et al, 2015b). Future studies on AB should systematically go beyond behavioural measures, centrally by using eye-tracking methods, but also develop novel paradigms to more reliably determine the automatic nature of AB.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Tell me how you feel, I will tell you what you look at: Impact of mood and craving on alcohol attentional bias in binge drinking

Bollen¹,

Pabst²,

Masson

et al. 2023

J Psychopharmacol

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Background: Alcohol-related attentional bias (AB) is thought to play a key role in the emergence and maintenance of excessive alcohol use. Recent models suggest that AB, classically considered as a permanent feature in alcohol use disorders, is rather modulated by temporary motivational states. Aims: We explored the influence of current mood and craving on AB in binge drinking, through a mood induction procedure combined with eye-tracking measures of AB. Methods: In Experiment 1, we measured AB (visual probe task with eye-tracking measures) among binge drinkers ( n = 48) and light drinkers ( n = 32) following positive, negative and neutral mood inductions. Participants reported subjective craving and mood before/after induction. In Experiment 2, we measured AB among the same binge drinkers compared with 29 moderate drinkers following alcohol-related negative, non-alcohol-related negative and neutral mood inductions. Results: In Experiment 1, induced negative mood and group positively predicted subjective craving, which was positively associated with AB. We found no effect of induced positive mood nor a direct mood-AB association. In Experiment 2, the relationships AB presented with both induced negative mood and group were again mediated by craving. Inducing alcohol-related negative mood did not modify the mood-craving association. Conclusions: Alcohol-related AB is not a stable binge drinking characteristic but rather varies according to transient motivational (i.e., craving) and emotional (i.e., negative mood) states. This study provides important insights to better understand AB in subclinical populations and emphasizes the importance of considering motivational and affective states as intercorrelated, to offer multiple ways to reduce excessive alcohol use.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Tell me how you feel, I will tell you what you look at: Impact of mood and craving on alcohol attentional bias in binge drinking

Bollen¹,

Pabst²,

Masson

et al. 2023

J Psychopharmacol

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“…This casts doubt upon the postulated automatic/early nature of AB in SAUD [17], already questioned by heterogeneous findings when manipulating stimuli duration in behavioural experiments [45,46]. In contrast, our results regarding the late component are in line with eye-tracking studies in subclinical [47] and clinical [16] populations, as well as with earlier studies targeting such malleable late components in attentional retraining [6,24]. We thus highlighted the relevance of dwell time measures to investigate the preferential maintenance of attention throughout the trial, and we encourage future studies to increase the reliability of early eye-tracking indices by presenting stimuli vertically to override the predominant left-gaze bias and/or by developing AB tasks specifically exploring the early attentional capture by alcohol-related cues [48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Finally, we suggest that AB, regardless of its direction (approach/avoidance), is significantly underpinned by late attentional stages (assessed through dwell time measures) and is mainly characterized by a preferential maintenance of attention towards alcohol/non‐alcohol stimuli. In contrast, the facilitated capture of attention could not be reliably assessed in the present study (similarly to previous ones [16, 33, 44]), as the measure of first AOI visited was contaminated by the classical dominance of the left side of the visual field related to reading/writing habits [43]. Nevertheless, we observed that the presumably strong attention‐grabbing properties of alcohol‐related stimuli (as postulated by dominant models [4]) did not overcome the left‐gaze bias, even in participants showing stronger AB towards alcohol at later processing stages (i.e.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Seven individuals (two patients with craving, three patients without craving, two control participants) were not able to participate in our experiment due to poor eye-tracking calibration. We set our sample size to 30 participants per group, based on previous work exploring AB in SAUD [12,16,[37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven individuals (two patients with craving, three patients without craving, two control participants) were not able to participate in our experiment due to poor eye‐tracking calibration. We set our sample size to 30 participants per group, based on previous work exploring AB in SAUD [12, 16, 37–39]. We performed a simulation‐approach power analysis for exploratory three‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs [40] assuming an alpha of 0.05, a sample size of 30 per group and a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, which indicated a power of 0.65 and 0.95 for detecting a small‐ to medium‐effect size (η 2 p = 0.022) in our 3 × 2 and 3 × 2 × 3 within–between interactions, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Craving modulates attentional bias towards alcohol in severe alcohol use disorder: An eye‐tracking study

Bollen,

Pabst,

Masson

et al. 2023

Addiction

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Background and aimsCompeting models disagree on three theoretical questions regarding alcohol‐related attentional bias (AB), a key process in severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD): (1) is AB more of a trait (fixed, associated with alcohol use severity) or state (fluid, associated with momentary craving states) characteristic of SAUD; (2) does AB purely reflect the over‐activation of the reflexive/reward system or is it also influenced by the activity of the reflective/control system and (3) does AB rely upon early or later processing stages? We addressed these issues by investigating the time‐course of AB and its modulation by subjective craving and cognitive load in SAUD.DesignA free‐viewing eye‐tracking task, presenting pictures of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic beverages, combined with a concurrent cognitive task with three difficulty levels.SettingA laboratory setting in the detoxification units of three Belgian hospitals.ParticipantsWe included 30 patients with SAUD self‐reporting craving at testing time, 30 patients with SAUD reporting a total absence of craving and 30 controls matched on sex and age. All participants from SAUD groups met the DSM‐5 criteria for SAUD.MeasurementsWe assessed AB through early and late eye‐tracking indices. We evaluated the modulation of AB by craving (comparison between patients with/without craving) and cognitive load (variation of AB with the difficulty level of the concurrent task).FindingsDwell time measure indicated that SAUD patients with craving allocated more attention towards alcohol‐related stimuli than patients without craving (P < 0.001, d = 1.093), resulting in opposite approach/avoidance AB according to craving presence/absence. SAUD patients without craving showed a stronger avoidance AB than controls (P = 0.003, d = 0.806). AB did not vary according to cognitive load (P = 0.962, η2p = 0.004).ConclusionsThe direction of alcohol‐related attentional bias (approach/avoidance) appears to be determined by patients' subjective craving at testing time and does not function as a stable trait of severe alcohol use disorder. Alcohol‐related attentional bias appears to rely on later/controlled attentional stages but is not modulated by the saturation of the reflective/control system.

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Emotional Processing and Maltreatment During Childhood as Factors of Vulnerability to Alcohol Abuse in Young Adults

Rubio

Gasparyan

Duque

et al. 2023

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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Different studies suggest a strong association between childhood abuse and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The modulation of the startle response has been used to assess emotional processing in AUDs. The main objective of the study was to investigate the startle reflex responses to different stimuli in young adults with varying types of childhood abuse in comparison with a control group according to their current alcohol consumption and the presence of a parent with alcohol dependence or not. A clinical sample of 606 adolescents, divided into five groups: no abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse, were assessed on their pattern of alcohol consumption and their family history of alcoholism. The proportion of participants with at least one alcohol-dependent parent was higher in all types of abuse. The proportion of heavy drinkers and alcohol-dependent participants was higher in the groups with physical neglect and sexual abuse. Heavy drinkers and alcohol dependents showed a lower startle reflex response to emotional pictures, especially alcohol-related ones. Adolescents exposed to physical and sexual abuse during childhood showed a mitigated startle response to appetitive and alcohol-related pictures. The results of this exploratory study reveal that childhood maltreatment modulates emotional processing to alcohol-related stimuli during adolescence. The evaluation of these patients’ startle response could be considered a prognostic biomarker for establishing personalized preventive strategies during the adolescent stage to avoid, to a large extent, future problems derived from alcohol consumption.

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Alcohol-related attentional biases in recently detoxified inpatients with severe alcohol use disorder: an eye-tracking approach

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

Tell me how you feel, I will tell you what you look at: Impact of mood and craving on alcohol attentional bias in binge drinking

Tell me how you feel, I will tell you what you look at: Impact of mood and craving on alcohol attentional bias in binge drinking

Craving modulates attentional bias towards alcohol in severe alcohol use disorder: An eye‐tracking study

Emotional Processing and Maltreatment During Childhood as Factors of Vulnerability to Alcohol Abuse in Young Adults

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