Aldrin epoxidation in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.

Nelson, P.A.; Stewart, Robert R.; Morelli, M.; Nakatsugawa, Tsutomu

doi:10.1016/0048-3575(76)90067-5

Cited by 33 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The requirement for oxygen and NADPH and sensitivity to inhibition by carbon monoxide suggested to those authors that the aldrin epoxydase of this earthworm is a typical microsomal MFO involving the hemoprotein cytochrome P-450. The highest aldrin epoxidase activity was found in the endoplasmic reticulum of the gut wall and the typhlosole (Nelson et al 1976). …”

Section: Phase 1 Cytochrome P-450 Mediated Mfomentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The first authors to demonstrate the presence of a MFO system in annelids were Nelson et al (1976), who found that the pesticide aldrin was converted to dieldrin by the common earthworm L. terrestris. The requirement for oxygen and NADPH and sensitivity to inhibition by carbon monoxide suggested to those authors that the aldrin epoxydase of this earthworm is a typical microsomal MFO involving the hemoprotein cytochrome P-450.…”

Section: Phase 1 Cytochrome P-450 Mediated Mfomentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Immune defense and biological responses induced by toxics in Annelida

Dhainaut¹,

Schwientek²

2001

Can. J. Zool.

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The phylum Annelida comprises primitive coelomates that possess specially developed cellular immunity against pathogens. Active phagocytosis by coelomocytes occurs in the struggle against bacteria in Polychaeta and Oligochaeta. Encapsulation plays an important role in defense against parasites, and experimental studies have demonstrated that cooperation between different coelomocyte populations occurs in this process. Spontaneous cytotoxicity of coelomocytes against xenogenic or allogenic cells is analogous with that of vertebrate natural killer cells. Graft rejection is a model for studying the activity of these cells. Accelerated rejection following multiple transplantation reveals that the cellular immune defense system has a short-term memory. In humoral immunity, agglutinins aggregate foreign material and their level is enhanced by antigens; in Annelida, however, no specificity analogous to vertebrate antibodies has been revealed, except for weak specificity of some antigen-binding proteins. Hemolytic substances have been detected, particularly in Oligochaeta, where a fetidin possesses bactericidal activity. Lysozyme and some antibacterial proteins also occur in Polychaeta. Annelida react to physical and chemical insults by various processes. These responses are mainly due to synthesis of stress-induced proteins, inhibition of enzyme activity, and modulation (inhibition or stimulation) of the activity of enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Moreover, these responses frequently differ from those of vertebrates, particularly in terms of the nature of inducers. In other respects, these responses are extremely variable in Annelida, even in closely related species. Reviews / Synthèses 253 Résumé : Les annélides sont des coelomates primitifs dont l'immunité cellulaire contre les agents pathogènes est particulièrement développée. La phagocytose intense opérée par les coelomocytes assure la lutte contre les bactéries, aussi bien chez les polychètes que chez les oligochètes. L'encapsulation intervient davantage dans la lutte contre les parasites. Des expériences ont mis en lumière la coopération de diverses populations de coelomocytes dans ce processus. La cytotoxicité spontanée des coelomocytes contre les cellules xénogènes et allogènes n'est pas sans rappeler celle des cellules lymphocytes tueurs des vertébrés. Le rejet de greffe peut servir de modèle dans l'étude de l'activité de ces cellules. À la suite de greffes consécutives, le temps de rejet devient de plus en plus court, ce qui reflète la mémoire à court terme des cellules du système immunitaire. Dans l'immunité humorale, les agglutinines agglomèrent des particules étrangères et leur teneur est stimulée par ces antigènes. Cependant, chez les annélides, il ne semble pas y avoir de spécificité comparable à celle des anticorps de vertébrés, sauf peut-être une faible spécificité dans le cas de certaines protéines qui se lient aux antigènes. Des substances hémolytiques ont été détectées, particulièrement chez des oligochè-tes où a également été ...

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Section: Phase 1 Cytochrome P-450 Mediated Mfomentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Phase 1 Cytochrome P-450 Mediated Mfomentioning

confidence: 98%

Immune defense and biological responses induced by toxics in Annelida

Dhainaut¹,

Schwientek²

2001

Can. J. Zool.

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“…The requirement of O 2 and NADPH as well as the inhibition of enzyme activity by CO or SKF-525A with an optimal pH of 7-8 strongly suggested the presence of CYPs in earthworms. 117,122,124,125) However, the difference spectrum of the reduced CO-treated microsomal fraction showed the peak at 420 nm instead of the 450 nm peak typical for CYPs, most likely due to the interference by giant hemoglobin characteristic to the earthworms. 114,122,123,129) The presence of CYP in the microsomal fraction was spectrophotometrically supported after removal of the hemoglobin through successive chromatographic purifications.…”

Section: Oxidasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…117,122,124,125) However, the difference spectrum of the reduced CO-treated microsomal fraction showed the peak at 420 nm instead of the 450 nm peak typical for CYPs, most likely due to the interference by giant hemoglobin characteristic to the earthworms. 114,122,123,129) The presence of CYP in the microsomal fraction was spectrophotometrically supported after removal of the hemoglobin through successive chromatographic purifications. 114,123,124) The estimated CYP content in E. fetida, 114) L. terrestris 123,124) and Dendrobaena veneta 130) was 0.008-0.16 nmol/mg protein, depending on the purification level and the experimental conditions in the enzyme kinetic assays.…”

Section: Oxidasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the earthworm

Katagi

Ose

2015

Journal of Pesticide Science

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The toxic effects of pesticides on earthworms, one of the most important bioindicators in the terrestrial environment, are closely related to their body burden determined by uptake, metabolism and excretion processes. Not only the passive diffusion via the outer skin from a dissolved fraction of pesticide but also the ingestion of contaminated soil and food governs the uptake process, with each contribution controlled by either the hydrophobicity of the pesticide or the soil organic matter. Although the available information is limited, earthworms are likely to metabolize pesticides via hydrolysis and oxidation (Phase I) followed by conjugation (Phase II), and low bioaccumulation is observed as a result for most pesticides. The acute toxicity in the soil exposure can be partly explained by the dissolved fraction of pesticide in pore water, but the contribution of dietary uptake and metabolism should be further studied to correctly evaluate pesticide toxicity.

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“…In contrast, insect species such as cockroaches, which tend to be more exposed to xenobiotics through the integument, have high microsomal oxidases in the fat body as well as the gut (Wilkinson and Brattsten, 1972;Benke et at., 1972). The digestive tract is also the major tissue of microsomal oxidation in the common earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. (Nelson, 1974).…”

Section: Strategic Localization Of Microsomal Oxidasesmentioning

confidence: 95%