The performance of AlGaN/GaN high-electronmobility transistors (HEMTs) on diamond and SiC substrates is examined. We demonstrate GaN-on-diamond transistors with periphery W G = 250 µm, exhibiting f t = 27.4 GHz and yielding a power density of 2.79 W/mm at 10 GHz. Additionally, the temperature rise in similar devices on diamond and SiC substrates is reported. To the best of our knowledge, these represent the highest frequency of operation and first-reported thermal and X -band power measurements of GaN-on-diamond HEMTs.Index Terms-GaN on diamond, high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), microwave power, thermal effects in AlGaN, X -band.