“…Portfolio optimization The approach of splitting the trader's workflow into the two steps of predictive modeling and investment optimization has a long tradition, and has been exploited in absolute majority of works [49,30,56,51,71,18], with some notable exceptions [24,38]. Extracting the parameter estimation out of the portfolio optimization problem then enabled the respective economic research to thrive in an isolated mathematical environment, giving rise to the frameworks of Markowitz [47] and Kelly [32], and their many successors [10,76,71,36,51]. While widely adopted, the optimality of the resulting portfolios is based on rather unrealistic assumptions, which has been progressively criticized by many [27,61,49,57,62,43].…”