Alkaloidal pigments from Lactarius necator and L. atroviridis

Cytotoxic Aaptamine Derivatives from the South China Sea Sponge Aaptos aaptos

“…The cytotoxicities of compounds 1−12 were evaluated against six human cancer cell lines, including HL60 (human acute leukemia), K562 (human chronic leukemia), MCF-7 (human breast cancer), KB (human nasopharyngeal cancer), HepG2 (human liver carcinoma), and HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cells, using paclitaxel as a positive control (Table 3). Compounds 2,8,11,and 12 showed potent cytotoxicities against all the human cancer cell lines tested, with IC 50 values in the range of 0.03 to 8.5 μM. The remaining compounds tested were found to be inactive against all of the six human cancer cell lines (IC 50 value >10 μg/mL).…”

“…2 Only 46 natural alkaloids belonging to this structural class have been isolated to date. 1−10 With the exception of four congeners isolated from toadstools of the genus Lactarius, 11,12 the rest of these compounds have been isolated from members of the Demospongiae class of sponges, including the genera Xestospongia (Haplosclerida, Petrosiidae), Suberites (Hadromerida, Suberitidae), Luf fariella (Dictyoceratida, Thorectidae), Hymeniacidon (Halichondrida, Halichondriidae), and Aaptos (Hadromerida, Suberitidae). 1−10 From a biosynthetic perspective, these metabolites can be derived from the original aaptamine core by diversified substitution, 13 dimerization, 7 rearrangement, 14 and ring expansion reactions.…”

Does the chemistry of fungal pigments demand the existence of photoactivated defense strategies in basidiomycetes?

“…Only the faintly related alkaloide necatrone 52 is described from Basidiomycota, in more detail from Lactarius spp. [95]. Nevertheless, with the continuous progression of modern phytochemical techniques [96], it is possible that analogue polyketide phenalenones will be detected in macromycota.…”

Pigments of fungi (macromycetes)

“…Thus, from the orange-brown fruit bodies of the Australian Dermocybe species WAT 22963 have been isolated xanthorin-1-0-methyl ether (85) and w-hydroxyxanthorin-1-0-methyl ether (86).34 w-Hydroxyanthraquinones such as (86) are rare in Macromycetes. Citreorosein (w-hydroxyemodin) (87), a pigment previously known from several Pencillium species and from lichens, insects, and plants, has now also been isolated from a purple Dermocybe species (WAT 21 566).35 Fallacinol (the 6-0-methyl ether of citreorosein) is the major pigment from the European toadstool Dermocybe cinnabarina.…”