Alkylphenolic Compounds in Edible Molluscs of the Adriatic Sea (Italy)

Ferrara, Fulvio; Fabietti, F.; Delise, M.; Bocca, A.; Funari, Enzo

doi:10.1021/es010508h

Cited by 103 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The NP levels found in bivalves from the most polluted zones of the coastal waters of Comunidad Valenciana are lower than those reported by Ferrara et al (2001) in edible bivalves of the Adriatic Sea (254-265 g/kg w.w. in mussels and 243-252 g/kg w.w. in clams). Li et al (2008) reported NP values in mussels from the Massan Bay (Korea) up to 290 g/kg d.w., which are lower than the maximum value found in this study (120 g/kg w.w. which would be 600 g/kg d.w. considering the measured water content) but similar to the average pollution level found along the Mediterranean coast studied (200 g/kg d.w.).…”

Section: Alkylphenols Results In Mussels and Clamscontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…This indicates a greater tendency of NP respect to OP to bioaccumulate in bivalve organic tissues and/or sediments. Other researches have also obtained significantly higher NP concentrations than OP in marine organisms such as oysters and mussels (Senthil Kumar et al, 2008;Ferrara et al, 2001) and sediments (Isobe et al, 2001), proving a higher NP presence in the environment.…”

Section: Alkylphenols Results In Mussels and Clamsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves

Bouzas

Aguado

Martí

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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This paper reports the first results on alkylphenol pollution in edible bivalves from the Spanish coast. Two sampling campaigns (July 2006 and July 2007) were carried out to determine the concentration of nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wild mussels (Mytilus Galloprovincialys) and clams (Donax trunculus) at 14 sampling sites along the eastern Mediterranean Spanish coast. The results show that NP is the predominant alkylphenol, being the port of Valencia the most polluted area (up to 147 g/kg wet weight in clams). Moving away from the ports the concentration of NP in bivalves decreased. OP concentration was below its detection limit in most of the studied areas and its maximum concentration (6 g/kg w.w.) was measured in clams from the port of Sagunto. The presence of low levels of PAHs was observed in most of the studied areas. The total PAHs concentration (i.e. sum of the 8 measured PAHs) achieved a maximum value of 10.09 g/kg w.w. in the north coast of Valencia city. The distribution pattern of the individual PAHs showed that both pollution sources petrogenic and pyrolytic were present in the sampled areas. Fluoranthene was the most abundant PAH in mussels while benzo(b)fluoranthene in clams. The maximum concentration of 10 µg/kg w.w. for benzo(a)pyrene established by the European Commission was never reached, indeed sampled bivalves showed concentrations 10 times lower than this reference value. Thus, they can be considered safe for human consumption. Despite the low contamination levels, the results show an overall pollution of bivalves by alkylphenol and PAHs as well as an increment in the number of polluted areas from 2006 to 2007. Thus, periodical sampling campaigns should be carried out to monitor the long-term tendency of these toxic and persistent pollutants.

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Section: Alkylphenols Results In Mussels and Clamscontrasting

confidence: 59%

Section: Alkylphenols Results In Mussels and Clamsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves

Bouzas

Aguado

Martí

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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“…These alkylphenols were also found in lobster hepatopancreas, and may be bioaccumulated there, as other polyaromatic hydrocarbons are known to be (McLeese and Metcalfe, 1979;James et al, 1995). Bioaccumulation in seafoods has been documented for 4-nonylphenol (Ekelund et al, 1990;Ferrara et al, 2001). This raises concern for human health.…”

Section: Possible Bioaccumulation and Health Effects Of The Identifiementioning

confidence: 98%

Identification of Juvenile Hormone-Active Alkylphenols in the LobsterHomarus americanusand in Marine Sediments

Biggers

Laufer

2004

The Biological Bulletin

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Abstract. We have identified, by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, four alkylphenols that are present in the hemolymph and tissues of the American lobster Homarus americanus and in marine sediments. These alkylphenols are used industrially in antioxidant formulations for plastic and rubber polymer manufacturing, and are similar in structure to a known endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A. The compound 2-t-butyl-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol was present at concentrations of 0.02 to 1.15 g/ml in hemolymph and 8.95 to 21.58 g/g in sediments. A second compound, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, was present at concentrations between 0.07 and 19.78 g/ml in hemolymph and 138.94 to 224.89 g/g in sediment, while a third compound, 2,6-bis-(t-butyl)-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, was found at concentrations between 0.01 and 13.00 g/ml in hemolymph, 2.55 and 6.11 g/g in hepatopancreas, and 47.85 and 74.66 g/g in sediment. A fourth compound, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol, was found at concentrations of 0.20 to 70.71 g/ml in hemolymph, 23.56 to 26.89 g/g in hepatopancreas, and 90.68 to 125.58 g/g in sediment. These compounds, along with bisphenol A, 4-dimethylbenzylphenol, and nonylphenol, display high juvenile hormone activity in bioassays. Alkylphenols at high concentrations are toxic to crustaceans and may contribute significantly to lobster mortality; at lower concentrations, they are likely to have endocrine-disrupting effects.

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“…2,3 The population is also directly exposed to this contamination by accidental inhalation, dermal and oral contact with polluted water, 3,9 and through the food chain, by the consumption of edible tissue of animals and plants grown with contaminated water. 10,11 Actually, these chemicals are cataloged as "Emerging Pollutants", hazardous compounds that have to be controlled and regulated due their potential environmental and health hazards. The European Union, through the "EU Water Framework Directive" 12 and the US Environmental Protection Agency 13 have implemented programs and policies to monitor these compounds in surface water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of thiabendazole, 4-tert-octylphenol and chlorpyrifos in waste and sewage water by direct injection – micellar liquid chromatography

Romero-Cano

Kassuha

Péris-Vicente

et al. 2015

Analyst

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A micellar liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of the pesticides thiabendazole and chlorpyrifos, as well as an alkylphenol, which is included in pesticide formulations, i.e., 4-tert-octylphenol, in water. A sample was filtered and directly injected, avoiding large extraction steps using toxic solvents, thus expediting the experimental procedure. The contaminants were eluted without interferences in <17 min, using a mobile phase of 0.15 M sodium dodecyl sulfate -6% 1-pentanol buffered at pH 3, running through a C18 column at 1 mL min −1 under the isocratic mode. This optimal mobile phase was selected using a statistical approach, which considers the retention factor, efficiency and peak shape of the analytes measured in only a few mobile phases. The detection was carried out by measuring absorbance at 220 nm. The method was successfully validated in terms of specificity, calibration range (0.5-10 mg L −1 ), linearity (r 2 > 0.994), limit of detection and quantification (0.2-0.3; and 0.5-0.8 mg L −1 , respectively), intra-and interday accuracy (95.2-102.9%), precision (<8.3%), and ruggedness (<9.3%). The stability in storage conditions (at least 14 days) was studied. The method was safe, inexpensive, produced little pollutant and has a short analysis time, thus it is useful for the routine analysis of samples. Finally, the method was applied to analyse wastewater from the fruit-processing industry, wastewater treatment plants, and in sewage water belonging to the Castelló area (Spain). The results were similar to those obtained by an already reliable method.

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Alkylphenolic Compounds in Edible Molluscs of the Adriatic Sea (Italy)

Cited by 103 publications

References 33 publications

Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves

Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves

Identification of Juvenile Hormone-Active Alkylphenols in the LobsterHomarus americanusand in Marine Sediments

Analysis of thiabendazole, 4-tert-octylphenol and chlorpyrifos in waste and sewage water by direct injection – micellar liquid chromatography

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