“All-in-one” hypergolic metal–organic frameworks with high energy density and short ignition delay

Abstract

Constructing high performance hypergolic propellant is of vital importance yet challenging. Herein, by taking metal organic framework(MOF) as a propotypical system, we proposed that co-assembled functional cyanotetrazolylborohydride (CTB) and imidazole...

Chemistry of 2,5-diaminotetrazole

“…Aminotetrazoles have great influence in the chemical repertoire for explosive materials. 1,2 5-Aminotetrazole (5-AT), probably the most obvious representative, is produced on a large scale by diazotization of aminoguanidine followed by base-induced cyclization. It is commonly used as a gas generating agent in airbags, since it has some major advantages (non-toxic, chemical robustness, higher nitrogen content) compared to the long-used sodium azide.…”

Energetic Bimetallic MOF: A Promising Promoter for Ionic Liquid Hypergolic Ignition

“…Rogers and co-workers incorporated an acetylene or vinyl substituent to endow zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) with hypergolic properties, which opened a new application of MOFs as hypergolic fuels . In addition, applying a hypergolic linker and high-energy ligand to construct EMOFs is a strategy that endows EMOFs with intriguing hypergolic ability. , The hypergolic EMOFs, which have remarkable energy density and ultrashort ignition delay, can be applied as hypergolic additives in conventional hybrid engine fuels and advanced high-performance hypergolic materials for space exploration …”

Programming a Metal–Organic Framework toward Excellent Hypergolicity

“…Owing to its excellent catalytic efficiency, the Cu ion was selected as the metal node to construct HMOFs. 10,23,25,31,32 The obtained HMOFs were named Cu(PIm) 2 (CTrB) 2 (CCDC 2117956), Cu-(PIm) 2 (CTeB) 2 (CCDC 2117955), Cu(PTr) 2 (CTrB) 2 (CCDC 2117953), Cu(PTr) 2 (CTeB) 2 (CCDC 2117954), Cu(PTe) 2 (CTrB) 2 (CCDC 2117951), and Cu(PTe) 2 (CTeB) 2 (CCDC 2117952). Interestingly, six HMOFs with the same topology provided a versatile platform for the direct investigation of the influence of different energetic ligands and chemical compositions on the ID and I sp .…”

“…Hypergolic metal–organic frameworks (HMOFs), which feature nodes composed of metal ions or clusters that are joined by organic units to form periodical frameworks, are an emerging class of attractive propellants. − Importantly, the electronic structure and elemental composition of MOFs could be specifically tailored by fine-tuning the organic building units and metal species, ultimately achieving short ID, high I sp , and high heat of formation. − Additionally, unlike traditional hybrid hypergolic materials where metals are used as additives to be physically blended with other fuels, HMOFs containing metal nodes and neighboring with energetic ligands could facilitate the process of hotspot transfer, efficiently reducing the ID time. − A landmark contribution to the field of synthesis of HMOFs was made by R.D. Rogers in 2019.…”