All range and heterogeneous multi-scale 3D city models

He, Suining; Besuievsky, Gonzalo; Tourre, Vincent; Patow, Gustavo; Moreau, Guillaume

doi:10.1051/3u3d/201202006

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Finally, the example on the right indicates the extrusion from 2D footprints in combination with various forms of attribute data, such as the number of floors (Over et al, 2010;Goetz, 2013;Coors, 2003), or a building height derived in cadastral measurements, e.g. height at the eaves (Aringer and Roschlaub, 2014;He et al, 2012a).…”

Section: Airbornementioning

confidence: 99%

The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

et al. 2016

ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

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The level of detail (LOD) of a 3D city model indicates the model's grade and usability. However, there exist multiple valid variants of each LOD. As a consequence, the LOD concept is inconclusive as an instruction for the acquisition of 3D city models. For instance, the top surface of an LOD1 block model may be modelled at the eaves of a building or at its ridge height. Such variants, which we term geometric references, are often overlooked and are usually not documented in the metadata. Furthermore, the influence of a particular geometric reference on the performance of a spatial analysis is not known. In response to this research gap, we investigate a variety of LOD1 and LOD2 geometric references that are commonly employed, and perform numerical experiments to investigate their relative difference when used as input for different spatial analyses. We consider three use cases (estimation of the area of the building envelope, building volume, and shadows cast by buildings), and compute the deviations in a Monte Carlo simulation. The experiments, carried out with procedurally generated models, indicate that two 3D models representing the same building at the same LOD, but modelled according to different geometric references, may yield substantially different results when used in a spatial analysis. The outcome of our experiments also suggests that the geometric reference may have a bigger influence than the LOD, since an LOD1 with a specific geometric reference may yield a more accurate result than when using LOD2 models.

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Section: Airbornementioning

confidence: 99%

The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

et al. 2016

ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

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“…After having obtained a 3D city models by integration, model derivation can be performed towards both directions: reducing details and adding details. For example, He et al (2012b) developed a hybrid solution to deriving all range and heterogeneous multiscale 3D city models, by using a combination of techniques: extrusion, integration, generalisation, and procedural modelling.…”

Section: Hybrid Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D City Models and urban information: Current issues and perspectives

Billen¹,

Cutting-Decelle²,

Marina³

et al. 2014

3D City Models and Urban Information: Current Issues and Perspectives – European COST Action TU0801

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“…Due to the ambiguity and the differences of models that CityGML considers to be of the same LOD, He et al (2012He et al ( , 2013 refer to the CityGML LODs as LOD groups, and further define interlevel LODs within the LOD1 group that vary in their geometric complexity. Besuievsky et al (2014) have a similar approach for LOD3 buildings where they create three variants of LOD3 buildings that are distinguished by the size and type of features to be acquired.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

2016

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

350

176

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The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue in this paper that from a geometric point of view the five LODs are insufficient and that their specification is ambiguous.We solve these shortcomings with a better definition of LODs and their refinement. Hereby we present a refined set of 16 LODs focused on the grade of the exterior geometry of buildings, which provide a stricter specification and allow less modelling freedom. This series is a result of an exhaustive research into currently available 3D city models, production workflows, and capabilities of acquisition techniques. Our specification also includes two hybrid models that reflect common acquisition practices. The new LODs are in line with the LODs of CityGML 2.0, and are intended to supplement, rather than replace the geometric part of the current specification. While in our paper we focus on the geometric aspect of the models, our specification is compatible with different levels of semantic granularity. Furthermore, the improved LODs can be considered format-agnostic.Among other benefits, the refined specification could be useful for companies for a better definition of their product portfolios, and for researchers to specify data requirements when presenting use cases of 3D city models. We support our refined LODs with experiments, proving their uniqueness by showing that each yields a different result in a 3D spatial operation.Keywords: Level of detail; 3D city modelling; 3D GIS; 3D building models; CityGML; Scale Highlights• CityGML LODs are an industry standard for conveying the grade of 3D city models.• The 5 LODs are not defined precisely, and they are not sufficient for this purpose.• We present a refined series of 16 LODs that overcomes these issues.

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All range and heterogeneous multi-scale 3D city models

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses

The variants of an LOD of a 3D building model and their influence on spatial analyses

3D City Models and urban information: Current issues and perspectives

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

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