All‐sky imaging of transglobal thermospheric gravity waves generated by the March 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Smith, S. M.; Martinis, C. R.; Baumgardner, Jeffrey; Mendillo, M.

doi:10.1002/2015ja021638

Cited by 23 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Finally, regardless of the dispersion relation's vertical wavelength prediction (i.e., Figures b, b, and b), the effect of viscosity was to steepen the phase fronts—in each simulation they became vertical as the wave became evanescent. This behavior, the phase‐locked nature and the dissipation altitude of the responses, is consistent with Smith et al [], who reported a lack of signal from the 777.4 nm airglow centered at ~400 km, indicating that by that altitude the TDGWs had been completely damped.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These tsunami parameters were chosen by H09 and B14 as representative of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami which had reported amplitudes of ~50 cm [ Occhipinti et al ., ]. Not all tsunamis have these same scales; the 11 March 2011 Tohoku‐Oki tsunami appears to have a horizontal scale closer to 200 km [ Makela et al ., ; Smith et al ., ; Yu et al ., , ], and tsunami amplitudes can range from 1 to 2 cm on the open ocean to 50 to 70 cm as they approach coastal regions [ Artru et al ., ; Titov et al ., ; Choi et al ., ].…”

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the previous Peru and Sumatra events, atmospheric observations of the Tohoku‐Oki event were not limited to TEC measurements. Garcia et al [] reported accelerometer and thruster data from the Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite consistent with TDGWs in the thermosphere, and this is the first tsunami to have an observed signature in thermospheric airglow [ Makela et al ., ; Smith et al ., ; Hickey et al ., ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the past decade significant progress has been achieved in atmospheric tsunami detection, monitoring, and modeling [ Occhipinti et al ., ] and a number of studies highlight the interest in this topic [ Artru et al ., , ; Board and National Research Council , ; Broutman et al ., ; Crowley et al ., ; Galvan et al ., , ; Garcia et al ., ; Hickey et al ., , , ; Kherani et al ., , ; Komjathy et al ., ; Lee et al ., ; Makela et al ., ; Occhipinti et al ., , , , ; Smith et al ., ; Yu et al ., , ; Vadas et al ., ]. The increasing number of high‐density GPS networks allowed for extensive observations of the ionosphere and enabled the imaging of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) over larger areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tsunami‐driven gravity waves in the presence of vertically varying background and tidal wind structures

2017

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Many characteristics of tsunami‐driven gravity waves (TDGWs) enable them to easily propagate into the thermosphere and ionosphere with appreciable amplitudes capable of producing detectable perturbations in electron densities and total electron content. The impact of vertically varying background and tidal wind structures on TDGW propagation is investigated with a series of idealized background wind profiles to assess the relative importance of wave reflection, critical‐level approach, and dissipation. These numerical simulations employ a 2‐D nonlinear anelastic finite‐volume neutral atmosphere model which accounts for effects accompanying vertical gravity wave (GW) propagation such as amplitude growth with altitude. The GWs are excited by an idealized tsunami forcing with a 50 cm sea surface displacement, a 400 km horizontal wavelength, and a phase speed of 200 ms−1 consistent with previous studies of the tsunami generated by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake. Results indicate that rather than partial reflection and trapping, the dominant process governing TDGW propagation to thermospheric altitudes is refraction to larger and smaller vertical scales, resulting in respectively larger and smaller vertical group velocities and respectively reduced and increased viscous dissipation. Under all considered background wind profiles, TDGWs were able to attain ionospheric altitudes with appreciable amplitudes. Finally, evidence of nonlinear effects is observed and the conditions leading to their formation is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Tsunami‐driven gravity waves in the presence of vertically varying background and tidal wind structures

2017

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“…The observations associated with the earlier tsunami in Sumatra [e.g., Lee et al ., ] and the later tsunami in Tohoku [e.g., Makela et al ., ; Smith et al ., ; Crowley et al ., ] affirm that the ionospheric response to this kind of natural hazard occurs on a global scale. Our simulations for the 2011 Tohoku tsunami also show an ionospheric response associated with long‐range gravity wave propagation in the southeastward direction from the epicenter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric signatures of gravity waves produced by the 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku tsunamis: A modeling study

Wang

Hickey

2017

JGR Space Physics

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Ionospheric fluctuations inferred from observations of total electron content have previously been attributed to tsunamis and have confirmed the strong coupling between Earth's ocean and ionosphere via atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). To further advance our understanding of this wave coupling process we employ a linear full‐wave model and a nonlinear time‐dependent model to examine the ionospheric response to the AGW perturbations induced by the 2004 Sumatra and the 2011 Tohoku tsunamis. In the 2004 case, our modeling analyses reveal that one component of the propagating AGWs becomes dynamically unstable in the E‐region ionosphere at a range exceeding 2000 km in a direction 340° clockwise from north. Another component becomes convectively unstable in the E‐region ionosphere at a range exceeding 700 km in a direction 250° clockwise from north. In the 2011 case, a significant enhancement in the ionospheric disturbance occurs in a direction northwest from the epicenter about 1 h following the tsunami onset, in general agreement with observations. Our simulations also indicate that the AGW propagating toward the southeast is responsible for a traveling ionospheric disturbance that remains of an observable amplitude for over 4 h during which time it propagates horizontally almost 4000 km.

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Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

Grawe

Makela

2017

JGR Space Physics

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Tsunamis generate internal gravity waves (IGWs) that propagate vertically into the atmosphere and can create detectable signatures in the ionosphere. These signatures have consistently been observed in the presence of a tsunami for over a decade in the total electron content and for over 5 years in the 630.0 nm airglow. Here we show perturbations appearing in filtered GPS‐derived total electron content (TEC) and 630.0 nm airglow above Hawaii during the passing of the tsunami induced by the 16 September 2015 earthquake in Illapel, Chile. We report measurements of IGW parameters from both observation methodologies using a combination of prior methods and a newly developed method that uses a Gabor filter bank. A previously developed geometric model that takes into account the assumed posture of tsunami‐induced IGWs in the geomagnetic field and the observation geometry is shown to predict fairly well the expected location of the observation in the sky. Results of the Gabor filtering technique are also compared to previously published results for the 11 March 2011 Tohoku event. An overall comparison between all of the tsunami‐induced signatures that have appeared in both the 630.0 nm airglow and TEC above Hawaii to date is provided.

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All‐sky imaging of transglobal thermospheric gravity waves generated by the March 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Tsunami‐driven gravity waves in the presence of vertically varying background and tidal wind structures

Tsunami‐driven gravity waves in the presence of vertically varying background and tidal wind structures

Ionospheric signatures of gravity waves produced by the 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku tsunamis: A modeling study

Observation of tsunami‐generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake

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