“…The long history of work on syntax error messages is often motivated by the need to better serve novice programmers (Tabanao et al, 2008;Jadud, 2005;Tabanao et al, 2011;Jadud, 2006;Jackson et al, 2005;Garner et al, 2005;McIver, 2000;Kummerfeld and Kay, 2003;Hristova et al, 2003). More recently, Denny et al (Denny et al, 2012) categorized common syntax errors that novices make by the error messages the compiler generates and how long it takes for the programmer to fix them.…”