Allelic Association of Human Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene in Alcoholism

Blum, Kenneth; Noble, Ernest P.; Sheridan, Peter J.; Montgomery, Anne; Ritchie, Terry; Jagadeeswaran, Pudur; Nogami, Harou; Briggs, Arthur H.; Cohn, Jay B.

doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440150063027

Cited by 847 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Polymorphisms in genes involved in regulating the dopamine system have been related to both behavioral disinhibition and alcohol problems (Limosin et al, 2003; Blum et al, 1990; Hopfer et al, 2005; Vanyukov et al, 1998). Genes involved in regulating the serotonergic and GABAergic systems have been related to behavioral disinhibition, anxiety and depression, and alcohol problems (Dick et al, 2006; Edenberg et al, 2004; Dick et al, 2004; Eley et al, 2004; Hill et al, 2002; Otani et al, 2005), and results from one molecular genetic study indicate that anxiety mediates the influence of GABRA2 on alcoholism (Enoch et al, 2006).…”

Section: 0 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Person–environment interaction in the prediction of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in adulthood

Hill

Hawkins

Bailey

et al. 2010

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Behavioral disinhibition (externalizing/impulsivity) and behavioral inhibition (internalizing/anxiety) may contribute to the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. But tests of person-by-environment interactions in predicting alcohol use disorders are needed. This study examined the extent to which interactions between behavioral disinhibition, behavioral inhibition and family management during adolescence predict alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence at age 27. Methods This study used longitudinal data from a community sample of 808 men and women interviewed from age 10 to 27 in the Seattle Social Development Project. Zero-order correlations followed by a series of nested regressions examined the relationships between individual characteristics (behavioral disinhibition and behavioral inhibition/anxiety) and environment (good versus poor family management practices during adolescence) in predicting alcohol abuse and dependence criterion counts at age 27. Results Behavioral disinhibition and poor family management predicted increased likelihood of both alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence at age 27. Behavioral inhibition/anxiety was unrelated to both outcomes. Youths high in behavioral disinhibition were at increased risk for later alcohol abuse and dependence only in consistently poorly managed family environments. In consistently well-managed families, high levels of behavioral disinhibition did not increase risk for later alcohol abuse or dependence. Conclusions Behavioral disinhibition increases risk for alcohol abuse and dependence in early adulthood only for individuals who experience poor family management during adolescence. Interventions seeking to reduce environmental risks by strengthening consistent positive family management practices may prevent later alcohol abuse and dependence among individuals at risk due to behavioral disinhibition.

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Section: 0 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Person–environment interaction in the prediction of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in adulthood

Hill

Hawkins

Bailey

et al. 2010

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…One of the brain regions most consistently shown to be altered in individuals with drug addictions is the orbitofrontal cortex, which is involved in inhibitory control and compulsive behaviours. It is believed that drugs of addiction alter dopaminergic systems in the brain, making an individual less sensitive to the dopamine that is produced by natural reinforcers [61][62][63] . Over time, cocaine addition, for example, leads to reductions in dopamine receptors and metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, and subsequent problems with compulsivity and control [1] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational stress and addiction: Possible neurobiological elucidation of medical waste related individuals

Patwary

Uddin

Miah

et al. 2013

JHA

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Multiple factors contribute to the tendency to develop drug addictions, including social or psychological and occupational stressors. Most studies examining causes of and treatments for drug addiction have been conducted in Western developed nations. Here we used phenomenological research approach to explore the neurobiological explanation of drug addiction and to investigate attitudes towards drug use amongst individuals working with medical waste. Data were collected in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, using a variety of techniques based on formal representative sampling for fixed populations and adaptive sampling for roaming populations. We found that over half of participants interviewed reported using illicit substances to cope with occupational stress. Self-reported disease symptoms related to stress were reported by most of the respondents. Working with horrifying waste contributes to increased stress among the participants. These results indicate that in the case of these workers, workplace stressors along with cultural and socio-economic context uniquely contribute to, and exacerbate, tendencies toward drug addiction.

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“…Since Blum et al 117 in 1990, many candidate genes have been associated with ADHD and related behaviors. We believe that major inconsistencies among the findings have to do with understanding the endophenotype (or intermediate phenotypes that are heritable, quantitative biologic variations, or deficits embedded within biologic disease markers).…”

Section: Proposed Adhd-risk Gene Mapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Dopamine Function in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Should Genotyping Signify Early Diagnosis in Children?

Gold¹,

Blum²,

Oscar‐Berman³

et al. 2014

Postgraduate Medicine

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is present in 8% to 12% of children, and 4% of adults worldwide. Children with ADHD can have learning impairments, poor self-esteem, social dysfunction, and an increased risk of substance abuse, including cigarette smoking. Overall, the rate of treatment with medication for patients with ADHD has been increasing since 2008, with > 2 million children now being treated with stimulants. The rise of adolescent prescription ADHD medication abuse has occurred along with a concomitant increase of stimulant medication availability. Of adults presenting with a substance use disorder (SUD), 20% to 30% have concurrent ADHD, and 20% to 40% of adults with ADHD have a history of SUD. Following a brief review of the etiology of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment, we focus on the benefits of early and appropriate testing for a predisposition to ADHD. We suggest that by genotyping patients for a number of known, associated dopaminergic polymorphisms, especially at an early age, misdiagnoses and/or over-diagnosis can be reduced. Ethical and legal issues of early genotyping are considered. As many as 30% of individuals with ADHD are estimated to either have secondary side-effects or are not responsive to stimulant medication. We also consider the benefits of non-stimulant medication and alternative treatment modalities, which include diet, herbal medications, iron supplementation, and neurofeedback. With the goals of improving treatment of patients with ADHD and SUD prevention, we encourage further work in both genetic diagnosis and novel treatment approaches.

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Allelic Association of Human Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene in Alcoholism

Cited by 847 publications

References 59 publications

Person–environment interaction in the prediction of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in adulthood

Person–environment interaction in the prediction of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in adulthood

Occupational stress and addiction: Possible neurobiological elucidation of medical waste related individuals

Low Dopamine Function in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Should Genotyping Signify Early Diagnosis in Children?

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