Alpha‐momorcharin enhances Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection through modulation of reactive oxygen species

Abstract

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Glutathione contributes to resistance responses to TMV through a differential modulation of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species

“…Our model indicates that viral infection results in an increase in the expression of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase, which promote GSH biosynthesis, and are necessary for SA accumulation, downstream signalling processes, and ROS scavenging‐related genes activation (Figure 8 ). Increasing evidence indicates that an early ROS burst, followed by suppression of ROS, is a requirement for successful resistance of plants to TMV and other viruses (Balasubramaniam et al, 2014 ; Király et al, 2008 ; Shang et al, 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2020 ). Overall, in N. benthamiana GSH is essential for both local and systemic resistance against TMV infection through a differential modulation of SA signalling and ROS, possibly acting as the initiating signals for systemic resistance.…”

“…The accumulation level of H 2 O 2 was observed using DAB as described previously (Zhu et al, 2020 ). Endogenous H 2 O 2 concentrations were determined according to the protocol described by Chen et al ( 2019 ) using a hydrogen peroxide assay kit (Solarbio) (Chen et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Endogenous H 2 O 2 concentrations were determined according to the protocol described by Chen et al ( 2019 ) using a hydrogen peroxide assay kit (Solarbio) (Chen et al, 2019 ). Qualitative test of O 2 •− was observed using NBT with a similar procedure to that described previously (Zhu et al, 2020 ). The content of O 2 •− in N. benthamiana leaves was measured according to previously methods as described by Cai et al ( 2018 ) using a Micro Superoxide Anion Assay Kit (Solarbio) (Cai et al, 2018 ).…”

Impact of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus on Peroxisome Proliferation, Redox Reactions, and Resistance Responses in Wheat

“…Redox homeostasis plays an essential role in plant immunity against viruses [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. A significant increase of ROS content in leaf was reported in a susceptible genotype but not in a tolerant genotype of barley infected with barley yellow dwarf virus [ 47 ].…”

Antiviral Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins

“…However, different results have been obtained depending on the RIP studied and the approach used. Thus, it has been reported that α-momorcharin (α-MMC), in N. benthamiana plants sprayed with a solution of the RIP, up-regulates the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging-related genes, modulating ROS homeostasis and conferring resistance to TMV, ChiVMV, and CMV infection [ 81 , 133 ]. Additionally, this RIP also up-regulates some salicylic acid-responsive defence-related genes [ 81 ].…”