Alpha proteobacteria of genusAnaplasma(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): Epidemiology and characteristics ofAnaplasmaspecies related to veterinary and public health importance

Abstract

The Anaplasma species are important globally distributed tick-transmitted bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. These pathogens, cause anaplasmosis in domestic and wild animal species including humans. Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Dermacentor and Amblyomma genera of ticks are the important vectors of Anaplasma. Acute anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon blood smear examination followed by antibodies and nucleic acid detection. All age groups are susceptible but prevalence increases with age. Serological cross-reactivity is one of the important issues among Anaplasma species. They co-exist and concurrent infections occur in animals and ticks in same geographic area. These are closely related bacteria and share various common attributes which should be considered while developing vaccines and diagnostic assays. Movement of susceptible animals from non-endemic to endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine/ovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Tetracyclines are currently available drugs for clearance of infection and treatment in humans and animals. Worldwide vaccine is not yet available. Identification, elimination of reservoirs, vector control (chemical and biological), endemic stability, habitat modification, rearing of tick resistant breeds, chemotherapy and tick vaccination are major control measures of animal anaplasmosis. Identification of reservoirs and minimizing the high-risk tick exposure activities are important control strategies for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Molecular detection of Anaplasma infections in ixodid ticks from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

“…Therefore, the significance of these genotypes to public health needs further investigation. A. bovis was initially found as a pathogen of cattle but has also been reported in sheep, goats, wild deer, and dogs [5, 22, 23], indicating this agent has a broad host range. We detected A. bovis in five tick species ( H. qinghaiensis, D. abaensis , D. nuttalli , I. crenulatus , and H. danieli ) from 14 sampling sites and it has the highest infection rate when compared with A. phagocytophilum , A. ovis and A. capra .…”

Detection of relapsing fever Borrelia spp., Bartonella spp. and Anaplasmataceae bacteria in argasid ticks in Algeria

“…Rhipicephalus , Ixodes , Dermacentor and Amblyomma genera of hard ticks include vectors of Anaplasma spp. [ 38 ]. Here, we identified a new genotype of Anaplasmataceae bacteria in 6/50 Argas persicus .…”

First Report on Transplacental Transmission of Anaplasma marginale in Neonatal Dairy Calves from District Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan

“…Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infectious disease, caused by an obligatory intracellular pathogen of genus Anaplasma (A. ); causing heavy economic losses, worldwide including Pakistan (Sajid et al 2014;Atif 2016;Abbas et al 2020;Spare et al 2020). The bovine anaplasmosis (BA), mostly prevalent in the tropical, and the subtropical regions, is transmitted biologically by the ticks, mechanically by the mosquitoes, lice, biting flies, contaminated fomites and trans placentally through placenta from mother to the offspring (Aubry and Geale 2011;Costa et al 2016;Karim et al 2017;Rehman et al 2019).…”

“…Molecular and serological techniques are more specific and sensitive towards the detection of anaplasmosis as compared to the conventional blood smear microscopy (Brito et al 2007;Atif, 2016;Wen et al 2016;Farooqi et al 2018;Rehman et al 2019). The improved competitive ELISA (cELISA) is the most used serological test for the detection of Anaplasma antibodies in cattle with higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99.7%) (Chung et al 2014).…”

“…This uses a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the surface protein 5 (MSP5). Confirmatory diagnosis is usually based on the serology followed by the molecular tests (Atif 2016). Only one study has reported the transplacental transmission in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan (Nazar et al 2018).…”