“…For instance, within weeks substantial isotopic equilibration can occur between aqueous Fe 2+ (aq) and goethite (Handler et al, 2009), ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite (Pedersen et al, 2005), and some with magnetite (Gorski et al, 2012), whereas with hematite, no atom exchange appears to occur even over time scales of months (Pedersen et al, 2005). Furthermore, Fe atom exchange can be inhibited when Al or other elements substitute in the Fe mineral structure or if Si ions or organic matter adsorb to the mineral surface (Jones et al, 2009;Gorski and Scherer, 2011;Masue-Slowey et al, 2011;Latta et al, 2012). This raises the question whether Fe atom exchange takes place in natural soils and sediments, which contain Fe mineral phases that are often highly substituted by Al and contain a range of inorganic ions and organic compounds on their surfaces.…”