Alterations in the Gill Filaments and Secondary Lamellae of<i>Cirrhinus mrigala</i>Exposed to “Nuvan,” an Organophosphorus Insecticide

Srivastava, Nidhi; Kumārī, Ushā; Kumari, Amita; Mittal, Susheel K.; Mittal, Ajay Kumar

doi:10.1155/2014/190139

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Following the infection of ionocytes, in more advanced stages of the infection we observed hyperplasia of the lamellar epithelium and proliferation of epithelial cells. Proliferation of undifferentiated epithelial cells in this area is commonly reported in fish exposed to heavy metals [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], drugs [ 45 ] and organic compounds [ 46 , 47 ], as well as during different kinds of gill infections [ 48 , 49 ], where it has been correlated with the downregulation of p53 tumour suppression protein and the overexpression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA [ 50 ]. This reaction was suggested to be a fish immune strategy aiming to increase the width of the thin tissue layer that separates the shallow respiratory capillaries from the harmful agent, preventing its permeation into the blood stream [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epitheliocystis in Greater Amberjack: Evidence of a Novel Causative Agent, Pathology, Immune Response and Epidemiological Findings

Cascarano

Ruetten²,

Vaughan³

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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Epitheliocystis is a fish gill disease caused by a broad range of intracellular bacteria infecting freshwater and marine fish worldwide. Here we report the occurrence and progression of epitheliocystis in greater amberjack reared in Crete (Greece). The disease appears to be caused mainly by a novel Betaproteobacteria belonging to the Candidatus Ichthyocystis genus with a second agent genetically similar to Ca. Parilichlamydia carangidicola coinfecting the gills in some cases. After a first detection of the disease in 2017, we investigated epitheliocystis in the following year’s cohort of greater amberjack juveniles (cohort 2018) transferred from inland tanks to the same cage farm in the open sea where the first outbreak was detected. This cohort was monitored for over a year together with stocks of gilthead seabream and meagre co-farmed in the same area. Our observations showed that epitheliocystis could be detected in greater amberjack gills as early as a month following the transfer to sea cages, with ionocytes at the base of the gill lamellae being initially infected. Cyst formation appears to trigger a proliferative response, leading to the fusion of lamellae, impairment of gill functions and subsequently to mortality. Lesions are characterized by infiltration of immune cells, indicating activation of the innate immune response. At later stages of the outbreak, cysts were no longer found in ionocytes but were observed in mucocytes at the trailing edge of the filament. Whole cysts appeared finally to be expelled from infected mucocytes directly into the water, which might constitute a novel means of dispersion of the infectious agents. Molecular screening indicates that meagre is not affected by this disease and confirms the presence of previously described epitheliocystis agents, Ca. Ichthyocystis sparus, Ca. Ichthyocystis hellenicum and Ca. Similichlamydia spp., in gilthead seabream. Prevalence data show that the bacteria persist in both gilthead seabream and greater amberjack cohorts after first infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epitheliocystis in Greater Amberjack: Evidence of a Novel Causative Agent, Pathology, Immune Response and Epidemiological Findings

Cascarano

Ruetten²,

Vaughan³

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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“…Conversely, in Hoven’s carp, Leptobarbus hoevenii , a temperature increase of 4 °C above the optimal range decreased gill epithelial thickness [ 6 ]. Several studies have shown an increase in gill epithelial height following exposure to toxicants and environmental pollutants [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], suggesting that such changes may serve as a general protective mechanism under suboptimal environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric and Enzymatic Changes in Gills of Rainbow Trout after Exposure to Elevated Temperature—Indications for Gill Remodeling

Lahnsteiner

2024

Animals

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Seven-month-old rainbow trout acclimated to 9 °C were used. The fish were gradually adapted to a water temperature of 20 °C over a period of seven days and then exposed to this temperature for 32 days. Changes in gill morphometry and histology and in enzyme activities in comparison to fish kept at 9 °C were investigated. No histopathological abnormalities were discerned at the heightened temperature. The gill epithelium thickened by approximately 40%, suggesting an increase in the branchial diffusion barrier for ions, water, and gases. Concurrently, there was a significant decrease in the activities of gill H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase, indicative of a reduction in osmoregulation under elevated temperatures. Carbonic anhydrase activity exhibited an increase following the 32-day exposure to 20 °C, potentially mitigating the adverse effects of increased gill epithelium thickness on gaseous exchange. There were no indications of gill surface enlargement as the measurements of the length of the primary and secondary lamellae, as well as of the distances between them, were similar at 9 and 20 °C. The activities of the gill enzymes associated with glycolysis and the citric acid cycle displayed a varied response following the 32-day exposure of rainbow trout to 20 °C. Pyruvate kinase decreased, while lactate dehydrogenase increased, and malate dehydrogenase remained constant. This might suggest a decrease in the glycolytic rate, a greater reliance on anaerobic pathways at 20 °C compared to 9 °C, and the consistent efficiency of the citric acid cycle in the gills of rainbow trout in response to elevated temperatures. In summation, the data suggest a remodeling of rainbow trout gills in response to elevated temperatures, affecting both morphometric and metabolic aspects.

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“…The studies on gills showed the detachment of basal epithelial membrane in gills compared to control which might have lead to death of the fish. Several studies have been made in the past on the histological organization and physiology of gills in a variety of fishes [18]. Gills are very important for the fishes since they are the main site of gaseous exchange and involved in osmoregulation [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute toxicity of Leaf extracts ofEnydra fluctuansLour in Zebrafish (Danio rerioHamilton)

Xavier

Kripasana

2020

Preprint

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AbstractThe present study was focused on the concentration dependent changes in oral acute toxicity of leaf extracts of E. fluctuans in zebrafish. The study was also aimed at the details of histopathological changes in gill, liver, brain and intestine of zebrafish exposed to the leaf extracts of the plant E. fluctuans. Enydra fluctuans Lour is an edible semi-aquatic herbaceous plant used widely for the alleviation of the different diseases. Since there were no toxicity studies conducted on this plant the present study was an attempt to look into the elements of toxicity of the plants. Two types of experiments are conducted in the present study. First, the acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 203. Second, histopathological changes were observed in the fishes exposed to the lethal concentrations of plant extract. The oral acute toxicity studies conducted on Zebrafish have revealed that the leave extracts of E. fluctuans were toxic to the tested fish at the concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight. The histopathological studies conducted on intestine of treated fishes showed that treatment has induced rupturing of villi structure and fusion of villi membrane and detachment of villi structure from basal membrane of intestine. The histology of the liver also showed severe vacuolization in the cells while it is not affected in control. The studies on gills showed the detachment of basal epithelial membrane in gills compared to control which might have led to death of the fish. The histopathological observations of brain tissues treated with test samples also revealed the marked impingement in brain parenchyma while the control is normal without impingement of brain.

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Alterations in the Gill Filaments and Secondary Lamellae ofCirrhinus mrigalaExposed to “Nuvan,” an Organophosphorus Insecticide

Cited by 21 publications

References 40 publications

Epitheliocystis in Greater Amberjack: Evidence of a Novel Causative Agent, Pathology, Immune Response and Epidemiological Findings

Epitheliocystis in Greater Amberjack: Evidence of a Novel Causative Agent, Pathology, Immune Response and Epidemiological Findings

Morphometric and Enzymatic Changes in Gills of Rainbow Trout after Exposure to Elevated Temperature—Indications for Gill Remodeling

Acute toxicity of Leaf extracts ofEnydra fluctuansLour in Zebrafish (Danio rerioHamilton)

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