Alterations in the gut microbiota contribute to cognitive impairment induced by the ketogenic diet and hypoxia

Olson, C. Anders; Iñiguez, Alonso J.; Yang, Grace E; Fang, Ping; Pronovost, Geoffrey N.; Jameson, Kelly G.; Rendon, Tomiko; Paramo, Jorge; Barlow, Jacob T.; Ismagilov, Rustem F.; Hsiao, Elaine Y.

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.07.004

Cited by 76 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Moreover, an updated study showed that KD potentiates cognitive impairment induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice and increases the risk-associated Bilophila wadsworthia. 86 Inhibiting Th1 cell development abrogates the adverse effects of both B. wadsworthia and environmental risk factors on cognitive impairment. 86 Taken together, these findings identify the potential select gut bacteria that contribute to KD effects on target site in mice and humans.…”

Section: The Impact Of the Ketogenic Diet On Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketogenic diet for human diseases: the underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical implementations

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

184

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The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone bodies. The KD has long been established as a remarkably successful dietary approach for the treatment of intractable epilepsy and has increasingly garnered research attention rapidly in the past decade, subject to emerging evidence of the promising therapeutic potential of the KD for various diseases, besides epilepsy, from obesity to malignancies. In this review, we summarize the experimental and/or clinical evidence of the efficacy and safety of the KD in different diseases, and discuss the possible mechanisms of action based on recent advances in understanding the influence of the KD at the cellular and molecular levels. We emphasize that the KD may function through multiple mechanisms, which remain to be further elucidated. The challenges and future directions for the clinical implementation of the KD in the treatment of a spectrum of diseases have been discussed. We suggest that, with encouraging evidence of therapeutic effects and increasing insights into the mechanisms of action, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to elucidate a foundation for the clinical use of the KD.

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Section: The Impact Of the Ketogenic Diet On Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketogenic diet for human diseases: the underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical implementations

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

184

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“…In the past, the ketogenic diet has shown significant success and gained favourable attention due to its potential to reduce (epileptic) seizures, making it the treatment of choice for patients with rare genetic mutations that can induce seizures [ 1 , 23 ]. However, in a recent study it was also shown that a high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet has the potential to induce and increase cognitive impairment in mice [ 77 ]. The authors found that a KD increased cognitive impairment following hypoxia in mice and that this finding was associated with a gut microbiota enriched in Bilophila wadsworthia.…”

Section: Summary and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Gut Microbiota on the Beneficial Effects of Ketogenic Diets

et al. 2021

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The ketogenic diet is a dietary regime focused on strongly reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fat intake; leading to a state of ketosis. The ketogenic diet has gained much popularity over the years due to its effects on promoting weight loss, increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing dyslipidaemia. All these factors play a crucial role in the development of cardio-metabolic diseases; one of the greatest health challenges of the time. Moreover, the ketogenic diet has been known to reduce (epileptic) seizure activity. It is still poorly understood how following a ketogenic diet can lead to these beneficial metabolic effects. However, in recent years it has become clear that diet and the gut microbiota interact with one another and thus influence host health. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the beneficial metabolic effects of the ketogenic diet and the role of gut microbiota in these effects.

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“…In parallel, increasing knowledge about the impact of diet on the composition of the gut microbial population is emerging, which consequently impacts human health and disease [ 3 ]. For example, a relationship has been reported for human immune status [ 4 ], neurodegenerative diseases [ 5 ], metabolic syndrome [ 6 ], and so on. Gut microbiota metabolizes dietary components and releases metabolites that influence host physiology either positively or negatively [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dietary Protein and Processing on Gut Microbiota—A Systematic Review

Bhat

Gounder

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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The effect of diet on the composition of gut microbiota and the consequent impact on disease risk have been of expanding interest. The present review focuses on current insights of changes associated with dietary protein-induced gut microbial populations and examines their potential roles in the metabolism, health, and disease of animals. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol was used, and 29 highly relevant articles were obtained, which included 6 mouse studies, 7 pig studies, 15 rat studies, and 1 in vitro study. Analysis of these studies indicated that several factors, such as protein source, protein content, dietary composition (such as carbohydrate content), glycation of protein, processing factors, and protein oxidation, affect the digestibility and bioavailability of dietary proteins. These factors can influence protein fermentation, absorption, and functional properties in the gut and, consequently, impact the composition of gut microbiota and affect human health. While gut microbiota can release metabolites that can affect host physiology either positively or negatively, the selection of quality of protein and suitable food processing conditions are important to have a positive effect of dietary protein on gut microbiota and human health.

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Alterations in the gut microbiota contribute to cognitive impairment induced by the ketogenic diet and hypoxia

Cited by 76 publications

References 123 publications

Ketogenic diet for human diseases: the underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical implementations

Ketogenic diet for human diseases: the underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical implementations

The Role of the Gut Microbiota on the Beneficial Effects of Ketogenic Diets

Effect of Dietary Protein and Processing on Gut Microbiota—A Systematic Review

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