Alterations in the oral microbiome in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential interventions

Li, Shuang; Su, Bin; He, Qiushui; Wu, Hao; Zhang, Tong

doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000001825

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Furthermore, increased Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes in HIV have also been reported [38]. Additionally, there have been inconsistencies in the reporting of the oral microbiome between HIV infected patients and healthy controls [42]. Jimenez-Hernandez et al reported that the salivary alpha diversity in HIV-infected individuals were significantly higher than those in HIVuninfected samples [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy have an altered mucosal intestinal but not oral microbiome

Meng

Tao

Abu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This study characterized compositional and functional shifts in the intestinal and oral microbiome in HIV-positive patients compared to uninfected individuals. 79 specimens were collected from 5 HIV-positive and 12 control subjects from five locations (colon brush, colon wash, TI brush, TI wash and saliva) during colonoscopy and at patient visits. Microbiome composition was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing and microbiome function was predicted using bioinformatics tools (PICRUSt and Bugbase). Our analysis indicated that the β diversity of all intestinal samples (colon brush, colon wash, TI brush, TI wash) from patients with HIV was significantly different from patients without HIV, as measured by weighted UniFrac distances. Specifically, bacteria from genera Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, Megasphaera, Mogibacterium and Mitsuokella were more abundant in samples from HIV-positive patients. On the other hand, bacteria from genera Ruminococus, Blautia, and Clostridium were more abundant in samples from HIV-negative patients. Additionally, HIV-positive patients had higher abundances of biofilm-forming and pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, pathways related to translation and nucleotide metabolism were elevated in HIV-positive patients whereas pathways related to lipid and carbohydrates metabolism and membrane transport were positively correlated with samples from HIV-negative patients. Our analyses further showed variations in microbiome composition in HIV-positive and negative patients by sampling site, with samples from colon wash, colon brush and TI wash significant between groups while samples from TI brush and saliva were not significant. Taken together, here we report altered intestinal microbiome composition and function in patients with HIV compared to uninfected patients, though we found no changes in the oral microbiome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy have an altered mucosal intestinal but not oral microbiome

Meng

Tao

Abu

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is due to the new insights into the role of the latter in periodontal diseases and systemic diseases including cardiovascular diseases ( Peng et al, 2022 ). Results in HIV infection have been inconsistent and contradictory ( Li et al, 2021 ). One study looking at the oral microbiota in ART-treated PLWH found that HIV influenced the oral bacterial communities, albeit this influence was smaller compared to clinical variables like gingivitis, smoking, periodontitis, and antibiotics, which collectively had a stronger significant effect ( Griffen et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal immune cell populations and the bacteriome of adenoids and tonsils from people living with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

et al. 2022

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Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions are prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and occur at all strata of CD4 counts and despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). ENT conditions are underreported in PLWH. Also, little is known about the adenotonsillar microbiota and its relation to resident adaptive and innate immune cells. To bridge this gap, we characterized immune cell populations and the bacterial microbiota of two anatomical sites (adenoids, tonsils) and the oral cavity. Adenoids and tonsils were obtained from PLWH (n = 23) and HIV-seronegative individuals (SN, n = 16) after nasal surgery and tonsillectomy and processed for flow cytometry. Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinses were collected prior to surgery for 16S sequencing. Wilcoxon rank sum test, principal coordinate analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) were used to assess differences between PLWH and SN. Spearman’s correlations were performed to explore interactions between the bacteriome and mucosal immune cells. Of the 39 individuals included, 30 (77%) were men; the median age was 32 years. All PLWH were on ART, with a median CD4 of 723 cells. ENT conditions were classified as inflammatory or obstructive, with no differences observed between PLWH and SN. PLWH had higher frequencies of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increased T helper (Th)1 and decreased Th2 cells; no differences were observed for B cells and innate immune cells. Alpha diversity was comparable between PLWH and SN at all 3 anatomical sites (adenoids, tonsils, and oral cavity). The impact of HIV infection on the bacterial community structure at each site, as determined by Permutational multivariate analysis of variance, was minor and not significant. Two discriminant genera were identified in adenoids using LEfSe: Staphylococcus for PLWH and Corynebacterium for SN. No discriminant genera were identified in the oropharynx and oral cavity. Niche-specific differences in microbial diversity and communities were observed. PLWH shared less of a core microbiota than SN. In the oropharynx, correlation analysis revealed that Th17 cells were inversely correlated with bacterial richness and diversity, Filifactor, Actinomyces and Treponema; and positively correlated with Streptococcus. Our study contributes toward understanding the role of the adenotonsillar microbiota in the pathophysiology of ENT conditions.

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“…Alterations in oral bacterial communities and virome in HIVinfected individuals have been reported in many studies (4,5,(20)(21)(22). The possible reasons for oral microbiome dysbiosis might be the disrupted oral immunity caused by HIV infection, including changes in secretory components in saliva, deficiency of innate immune responses and adaptive immune responses (5).…”

Section: The Oral Mycobiome In Hiv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity

Yang

Moog

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection might have effects on both the human bacteriome and mycobiome. Although many studies have focused on alteration of the bacteriome in HIV infection, only a handful of studies have also characterized the composition of the mycobiome in HIV-infected individuals. Studies have shown that compromised immunity in HIV infection might contribute to the development of opportunistic fungal infections. Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), opportunistic fungal infections continue to be a major cause of HIV-related mortality. Human immune responses are known to play a critical role in controlling fungal infections. However, the effect of HIV infection on innate and adaptive antifungal immunity remains unclear. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the fungal microbiota composition and common fungal diseases in the setting of HIV. Moreover, we discuss innate and adaptive antifungal immunity in HIV infection.

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Alterations in the oral microbiome in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential interventions

Cited by 26 publications

References 122 publications

HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy have an altered mucosal intestinal but not oral microbiome

HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy have an altered mucosal intestinal but not oral microbiome

Mucosal immune cell populations and the bacteriome of adenoids and tonsils from people living with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity

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