Altered inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic responses to exercise in pediatric obesity and type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Obesity (Ob) and type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which are major pathogenetic pathways toward higher cardiovascular risks. While long-term exercise protects against systemic inflammation and oxidation, acute exercise actually exerts pro-inflammatory and oxidative effects, prompting the necessity for better defining these molecular processes in at-risk patients; in particular, very little is known regarding obese and T1DM children. We therefore examined key inflammatory and oxidative stress variables during exercise in 138 peripubertal children (47 Ob, 12.7±0.4 yr, 22F, BMI% 97.6±0.2; 49 T1DM, 13.9±0.2 yr, 20F, BMI% 63.0±3.6; 42 healthy, CL, 13.5±0.5 yr, 24F, BMI% 57.0±3.6), who performed 10 bouts of 2-min cycling ~80% VO2max, separated by 1-min rest intervals. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and peak-exercise. Ob displayed elevated baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6, 2.1±0.2 pg/mL, p<0.005) vs. CL (1.5±0.3), while T1DM displayed the greatest maximum exercise-induced change in IL-6 (1.2±0.3) than in both Ob (0.7±0.1, p< 0.001) and CL (0.6±0.1, p<0.0167). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was elevated in T1DM (143±30 ng/mL, p<0.0167) vs. CL (89±10) and Ob (76±6), while increases in exercise only occurred in Ob and CL. Disparate baseline and exercise responses were also observed for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, glutathione, and F2-isoprostane. This data show distinct patterns of dysregulation in baseline and adaptive immunologic and oxidative responses to exercise in Ob and T1DM. A full understanding of these alterations is required so that developing exercise regimens aimed at maximizing health benefits for specific dysmetabolic states can be achieved based on complete scientific characterization rather than empirical implementation.

A Low–Glycemic Index Meal and Bedtime Snack Prevents Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Associated Rises in Inflammatory Markers, Providing Protection From Early but Not Late Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Following Evening Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes

“…An otherwise comparable LGI meal completely prevented rises in these inflammatory cytokines. The clinical relevance of these findings should not be underestimated because offsetting hyperglycemia and inflammation is important for preventing early pathogenic diabetesrelated complications (23). Additionally, b-hydroxybutyrate concentrations did not rise significantly during either condition ( Fig.…”

“…Inversely, consuming HGI foods may promote accelerated muscle glycogen restoration (18,19), reducing the incidence of postexercise hypoglycemia (11,20). However, the need to reduce the insulinto-carbohydrate ratio may be associated with postprandial hyperglycemia following ingestion of HGI foods (15,16), potentially leading to metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory disturbances (21)(22)(23). The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of the glycemic index (GI) of a meal and subsequent bedtime snack consumed after evening exercise on postprandial glycemia, metabolism, and circulating inflammatory markers in addition to nocturnal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.…”

Effect of Physical Activity on Cardiometabolic Markers in Adolescents: Systematic Review

“…Regarding the articles with longitudinal design, it was found that of 14 selected articles, 11 showed effect (decrease or increase) in cardiometabolic markers [18][19][20][21][22][25][26][27] PA intervention programs period ranged from seven weeks 9 to one year 28 . (Table 1).…”

“…It was found improvement in arterial endothelial function in overweight adolescents. Also using exercise program in ergometer cycle, Rosa et al 26 verified that obese adolescents and adolescents with type one diabetes, there was decrease in IL-6 concentrations and better metabolic control.…”

“…Rosa et al 26 Pediatrics Diabetes 138 adolescents male and female. These were divided in Obese group (Ob), Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Healthy adolescents (Control Group).…”