Altered Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test results are associated with oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetic subjects

Abstract

BackgroundDifferent lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. The Semmes–Weinstein monofilament (SWM) test is an efficient tool for evaluating diabetic polyneuropathy and diabetic foot. In this study, we analyzed the association between OS markers and altered SWM test results in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients.MethodsSeventy T2DM patients were studied and 34 showed altered SWM results. The clinical and biochemical parameters were determined using standardized methods. Levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in circulating mononuclear cells using high-performance liquid chromatography.ResultsWe found that T2DM patients with altered SWM test results had significantly higher GSSG (3.53 ± 0.31 vs. 3.31 ± 0.35 mmol/ml, p < 0.05) and MDA (1.88 ± 0.16 vs. 1.75 ± 0.19 nmol/ml, p < 0.01) values compared to diabetic patients with normal SWM test outcomes. Moreover, altered SWM test results were independently related to age, glycosylated hemoglobin, and GSSG levels, but there was no association between OS markers and altered neuropathy sensitivity score (NSS) values.ConclusionsAlteration of the glutathione system and MDA values in T2DM patients are associated with loss of proprioceptive (pressure) sensitivity, but not with symptomatic polyneuropathy (as evaluated by NSS). This finding may be important for understanding how OS affects distal symmetric polyneuropathy in diabetic patients.

Elevated peripheral blood levels of CXCL10 are associated with the presence of diabetic polyneuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes

“…In the present study, the diagnosis of polyneuropathy was based on the response to the monofilament test as it has already been published by our group and reported previously in the literature [21,26,27]. Lee et al [28] described a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 100% when performing a ten-points monofilament examination and comparing it to nerve conduction studies.…”

“…The criteria used to make the diagnosis of DPN has been described previously [21]. DPN was established through the Semmes-Weinstein test (SW) by applying 10 g of force with a 5.07-gauge monofilament [22].…”

The Correlation between Malondialdehyde and Nerve Growth Factor Serum Level with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Score

“…Aziza (2014) found that an increase of MDA serum level in diabetic neuropathy rats [22]. Martinez-Hevaz (2017) reported that altered in MDA values is associated with polyneuropathy in diabetic patients [23].…”

Peripheral blood levels of CXCL10 are a useful marker for diabetic polyneuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes

“…A physical examination including vital tests such as patient’s blood pressure and anthropometrical data such the body mass index and abdominal circumference was performed using standardised methods 21 . Ankle‐brachial index (ABI) was obtained using a protocolised method calculating the ratio between the ankle systolic pressure and the brachial systolic pressure measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer and a Doppler ultrasound (Bi‐directional Smartdop 20) after 5‐10 minutes of rest.…”

“…The criteria used to make the diagnosis of DPN have been described previously 21 . DPN was established through the Semmes‐Weinstein test (SW) by applying 10 g of force with a 5.07‐gauge monofilament 22 .…”