Alternate Bearing in Fruit Trees

Monselise, S. P.; Goldschmidt, Eliezer E.

doi:10.1002/9781118060773.ch5

Cited by 282 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Alternate bearing (biennial bearing) is a common phenomenon in many tree crops, in which a year of heavy crop yield, known as the “on-year” is followed by an “off-year” of extremely light or no yield12. This pattern continues in subsequent years.…”

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Direct coupling: a possible strategy to control fruit production in alternate bearing

Prasad

Sakai

Hoshino

2017

Sci Rep

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We investigated the theoretical possibility of applying phenomenon of synchronization of coupled nonlinear oscillators to control alternate bearing in citrus. The alternate bearing of fruit crops is a phenomenon in which a year of heavy yield is followed by an extremely light one. This phenomenon has been modeled previously by the resource budget model, which describes a typical nonlinear oscillator of the tent map type. We have demonstrated how direct coupling, which could be practically realized through grafting, contributes to the nonlinear dynamics of alternate bearing, especially phase synchronization. Our results show enhancement of out-of-phase synchronization in production, which depends on initial conditions obtained under the given system parameters. Based on these numerical experiments, we propose a new method to control alternate bearing, say in citrus, thereby enabling stable fruit production. The feasibility of validating the current results through field experimentation is also discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Direct coupling: a possible strategy to control fruit production in alternate bearing

Prasad

Sakai

Hoshino

2017

Sci Rep

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“…In fruit trees, the capability of a shoot apical meristems (SAM) to be floral induced is strongly affected by the presence of fruit during the growing season. A first hypothesis explaining floral induction (FI) inhibition in conditions of high crop load is associated with a competition for carbohydrates between meristems and fruit (Monselise and Goldschmidt, 1982). Besides this “carbon” hypothesis, Chan and Cain (1967) have demonstrated that FI is inhibited by seed development through hormones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Within-Tree Organ Distances on Floral Induction and Fruit Growth in Apple Tree: Implication of Carbohydrate and Gibberellin Organ Contents

Belhassine¹,

Martinez²,

Bluy³

et al. 2019

Front. Plant Sci.

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In plants, organs are inter-dependent for growth and development. Here, we aimed to investigate the distance at which interaction between organs operates and the relative contribution of within-tree variation in carbohydrate and hormonal contents on floral induction and fruit growth, in a fruit tree case study. Manipulations of leaf and fruit numbers were performed in two years on “Golden delicious” apple trees, at the shoot or branch scale or one side of Y-shape trees. For each treatment, floral induction proportion and mean fruit weight were recorded. Gibberellins content in shoot apical meristems, photosynthesis, and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in organs were measured. Floral induction was promoted by leaf presence and fruit absence but was not associated with non-structural content in meristems. This suggests a combined action of promoting and inhibiting signals originating from leaves and fruit, and involving gibberellins. Nevertheless, these signals act at short distance only since leaf or fruit presence at long distances had no effect on floral induction. Conversely, fruit growth was affected by leaf presence even at long distances when sink demands were imbalanced within the tree, suggesting long distance transport of carbohydrates. We thus clarified the inter-dependence and distance effect among organs, therefore their degree of autonomy that appeared dependent on the process considered, floral induction or fruit growth.

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“…Previously reported promoter analyses of CpLFY and CpFT indicated that the promoters may have motifs that are likely to be responsive to both phytohormones and the carbohydrate status of pecan (Martin et al, 2015;Randall et al, 2015;Rascon, 2014). This is interesting because of the temporal overlap between early fruit development and floral initiation in trees, like pecan, that are known to initiate flowering during the year before anthesis, because actively growing fruits (and seeds, in particular) inhibit the floral initiation of many deciduous trees, including apple and pear (Monselise and Goldschmidt, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Exogenous applications of PGRs can potentially be used as tools for modifying flowering behavior and mitigating AB in pecan, as well as in other species such as apple and citrus (Meland and Kaiser, 2011;Muñoz-Fambuena et al, 2012;Thompson et al, 2019;Wood, 2011aWood, , 2011bWood et al, 2009). For multiple fruit tree species, individual shoots have been shown to function independently with respect to AB, also known as branch autonomy (Chan and Cain, 1967;Monselise and Goldschmidt, 1982;Rascon, 2014;Rohla et al, 2007;Tombesi et al, 2011;Weinbaum et al, 2001;Wood, 1991Wood, , 2011b. Plant growth regulators applied to pecan shoots affect return bloom differently, depending on whether the shoots were nonfruiting or fruiting during the treatment year (Thompson et al, 2019;Wood, 1991Wood, , 2011b.…”

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Differential Expression of Key Floral Initiation Genes in Response to Plant Growth Regulator Application and Alternate Bearing in Pecan

Thompson¹,

Randall²,

VanLeeuwen³

et al. 2021

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Regarding pecan (Carya illinoinensis), alternate bearing, which is a biennial fluctuation of crop yield, is a major hindrance for the pecan industry. Little is known about the internal cues that trigger pecan shoots to become reproductive. This 2-year study approached the mysteries of alternate bearing of pecan by determining whether pecan homologs of three genes known to control floral initiation in other species are expressed differently at various times of the growing season or in distinct plant tissues, and whether expression of these genes can be manipulated by plant growth regulator (PGR) application when compared with an untreated control group. The flowering genes of interest were pecan homologs of leafy (CpLFY), apetala1 (CpAP1), and flowering locus t (CpFT). During year 1 (2014), PGRs ethephon and gibberellin GA3 were applied at the shoot level 1 week before each of three tissue sampling dates (13 June, 3 July, 29 July). During the following year (2015), two more PGRs were added to the study [a second double rate (2X) of gibberellin GA3 and ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)] for a total of four PGRs (applied on 10 June, 1 July, and 23 July) plus the untreated control. Experimental leaf and bud tissues were sampled from fruiting and nonfruiting shoots on mature ‘Western’ pecan trees and analyzed separately. Normalized expression levels of CpLFY and CpAP1 were significantly higher in buds than in leaves. Normalized expression of CpLFY in bud tissues differed statistically based on the sampling date in 2014, with the earliest date (13 June) having higher expression than the two later dates that year. In 2015, a treatment × date interaction revealed that, compared with the untreated control, CpLFY expression was significantly lower in shoots treated with both gibberellin GA3 dosages on 1 July. A few weeks later (23 July), CpLFY expression was lower in the 2X GA3 treatment group and higher in samples treated with AVG. In 2014, CpAP1 expression in buds was significant, with a treatment × date interaction in which ethephon increased CpAP1 expression, but only on one date (29 July). In 2015, bud CpAP1 expression was significantly higher in fruiting than in nonfruiting shoots; however, again, only on one date. The results reveal differential expression of these key flowering genes based on tissue type, sampling date, and fruiting status of the shoot and PGR treatment. Results suggest that more research of the effects of PGRs is necessary for understanding the flowering behavior of pecan and mitigating the intensity of alternate bearing.

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Alternate Bearing in Fruit Trees

Cited by 282 publications

References 75 publications

Direct coupling: a possible strategy to control fruit production in alternate bearing

Direct coupling: a possible strategy to control fruit production in alternate bearing

Impact of Within-Tree Organ Distances on Floral Induction and Fruit Growth in Apple Tree: Implication of Carbohydrate and Gibberellin Organ Contents

Differential Expression of Key Floral Initiation Genes in Response to Plant Growth Regulator Application and Alternate Bearing in Pecan

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