Alternative back contact materials for thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

Orgassa, K.; Schock, H.W.; Werner, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(03)00257-8

Cited by 211 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Other reports have confirmed that cells made with Mo perform better than cells with a back layer with better reflectivity than Mo [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

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Mo bilayer for thin film photovoltaics revisited

Salomé¹,

Malaquias²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2010

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Abstract:Thin film solar cells based in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 as absorber layer use as back contact Mo. This metal is widely used in research and in industry but despite this, there is only a small number of published studies on the Mo properties. Properties such as low resistivity and good adhesion to soda lime glass (SLG) are hard to obtain at the same time. These properties are dependent on the deposition conditions and are associated with the overall stress state of the film. In this report, a study of the deposition of a Mo bi-layer is done by analysing firstly single and then bi-layers. The best bi-layer's properties was achieved when the bottom layer was deposited at 10x10 -3 mbar with a thickness of 500 nm and the top layer deposited at 1x10 -3 mbar with a thickness of 300 nm. Films deposited under these conditions showed good adhesion and a sheet resistivity lower than 0.8 Ω□.

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“…Other reports have confirmed that cells made with Mo perform better than cells with a back layer with better reflectivity than Mo [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Other metals with low resistivity and reflectivity values, for example Pt, or Au, usually diffuse into the CIGS layer during the deposition [8]. Other reports have confirmed that cells made with Mo perform better than cells with a back layer with better reflectivity than Mo [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mo bilayer for thin film photovoltaics revisited

Salomé¹,

Malaquias²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2010

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…A good back electrode should provide an ohmic contact with the p-type absorbing layer, have low resistivity and be well adhered to the glass substrate. Other back contacts such as W, Mo, Cr, Ta, Nb, V and Mn have been tried, but it has been shown that Mo back contact based solar cells had superior efficiency and reproducibility [3]. In solar cell applications, the Mo electrode forms an ohmic contact via an intermediate MoSe 2 layer [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sputtering is considered as one of the most important of these because it offers control over the different operating parameters and the ability to produce uniform layers with high reproducibility rates compared to other techniques such as thermal evaporation. Mo films in the past have been traditionally produced by d.c sputtering [2][3][4] or r.f sputtering [6]from a solid target. Various commercial industries such as Shell Solar, Würth Solar, Global Solar, Nanosolar, Ascent Solar, etc.. use sputtered Mo films on various substrates such as glass, steel or flexible polymer as a back contact for CIGS based solar cells [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-structured morphological features of pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered Mo films for photovoltaic applications

2011

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Nano-structured morphological features of pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered Mo films for photovoltaic applications, Thin Solid Films (2011Films ( ), doi: 10.1016Films ( /j.tsf.2011 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 based solar cells and as such the properties of these layers play an important role in the overall cell structure. This paper describes the production of molybdenum films using pulsed d.c magnetron sputtering from compressed molybdenum powder targets. The films were deposited at different substrate temperatures under constant power and constant current modes, and analysed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and four point resistance probe. Mechanical strain and resistivity were found to decrease with substrate temperature together with a shift in the (110) crystallographic plane towards higher diffraction angles. All films were well adhered to the glass substrates irrespective of their high tensile strain. Surface morphology analysis revealed the presence of nano-structured stress relief patterns which can enhance the nucleation sites for subsequent CuInSe 2 deposition. A high-resolution cross sectional image showed the columnar growth of the films. Surface roughness analysis revealed that roughness increased with increase in substrate temperature. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT KeywordsMolybdenum films, Pulsed D.C. Magnetron Sputtering, nano-structured stress relief pattern, powder sputtering, back contact layer.

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“…With current technology, reducing the thickness of CIGS results in increased parasitic losses in the Mo back contact. Hence, it was proposed to replace the back contact by a more reflective material such as silver or gold [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%