“…In this technicalinstrumental view, teachers' autonomy is restricted to the classroom where the teacher executes what others prescribe (Louis & Smith, 1990;Spencer, 2001). In clear contrast to this restricted conception of teacher professionalism (Hoyle, 1969(Hoyle, , 1975, a more extended view has emerged considering teachers to be active and accountable Korthagen, Kessels, Koster, Lagerwerf, & Wubbels, 2001;Standaert, 1993;Zeichner, 1983Zeichner, , 2006 According to , there are seven categories of professional knowledge that direct teachers' understanding of learners and their learning processes: content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, curriculum knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, knowledge of learners and their characteristics, knowledge of educational contexts, and knowledge about educational objectives. Pedagogical content knowledge is of special interest because it integrates content knowledge with features of the teaching and learning process (Grimmett & Mackinnon, 1992).…”