Conventional teacher education programs follow an apprenticeship model and, in so doing,aspire to provide student teachers with pedagogical skills and techniques derived from a preexisting body of knowledge. In this contribution to HER's special series, "Teachers, Teaching,and Teacher Education," Kenneth M. Zeichner and Daniel P. Liston argue that the conventional approach inhibits the self-directed growth of student teachers and thereby fails to promote their full professional development. Illustrating an alternative model, the authors describe and assess the elementary student teaching program at the University of Wisconsin,Madison — a program oriented toward the goals of reflective teaching, greater teacher autonomy,and increasing democratic participation in systems of educational governance.

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RESUMO: Neste artigo, Ken Zeichner, baseando-se em seus vários anos de experiência como formador de educadores, discute o uso do conceito de "reflexão" em programas de formação docente ao redor do mundo, relacionando-o a três temas: 1) até que ponto a formação docente reflexiva resultou em um desenvolvimento real dos professores; 2) contribuiu para diminuir as lacunas na qualidade da educação de estudantes de diferentes perfis étnicos, raciais e sociais e 3) a falta de correspondência entre concepções de formação docente reflexiva, na literatura especializada, e as realidades materiais de trabalho dos professores. Paradigmas dominantes da formação docente reflexiva, nos últimos 25 anos, são também identificados. Palavras-chave: Formação de professores. Reflexão. Estados Unidos. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF REFLECTION AS A GOAL FOR TEACHER EDUCATIONABSTRACT: In this paper, Ken Zeichner draws upon his many years of experience as a teacher educator and discusses the use of the concept of reflection in teacher education around the world in relation to three issues: 1) the extent to which reflection has resulted in genuine teacher development, 2) contributed to a narrowing of the gaps in educational quality between students of different ethnic, racial and social class backgrounds, and 3) the lack of correspondence between images of teacher reflection in the literature and the material conditions of teachers' work. Dominant trends in reflective teacher education over the last 25 years are also identified.

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In this article, the authors argue that teacher education needs to make a fundamental shift in whose knowledge and expertise counts in the education of new teachers. Using tools afforded by cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) and deliberative democracy theory, they argue that by recasting who is considered an expert, and rethinking how teacher candidates and university faculty cross institutional boundaries to collaborate with communities and schools, teacher education programs can better interrogate their challenges and invent new solutions to prepare the teachers our students need. Drawing on examples from joint-work among universities, schools, and communities in a variety of teacher education programs, they highlight the possibilities and complexities in pursuing more democratic work in teacher education.