Alternative vaccination against equine botulism (BoNT/C)

Abstract

Recombinant Hc BoNT/C is an appropriate vaccine candidate to stimulate production of neutralising antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin C in horses and creates only minor local reactions at the injection site.

Vaccines against epidemic and pandemic influenza

“…However, preclinical and clinical trials have shown that modifications to render the viral vectors replication-deficient still enable the vector to deliver antigen efficiently and generate protective immune responses against influenza [106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113] . The modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been evaluated in preclinical experiments for delivery of influenza antigens [114] , but it has only been evaluated in clinical trials for delivery of HIV antigens, human papilloma virus, malaria, small pox and some cancers [115][116][117][118][119][120] , where it has been shown to generate humoral and cell-mediated immunity against the antigen delivered. We and others have shown that the human replication-defective Adenoviral 5 (Ad5) vector is able to efficiently deliver influenza antigens in preclinical studies to generate cross-protective humoral and cell-based immune responses protecting against lethal challenge with H5N1 virus [107,109] .…”

Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia

“…Animal botulism outbreaks are more common than in humans and can cause important productivity and economic losses [47,48]. In Europe, animal botulism is considered an emerging disease [49,50]. Contrary to humans, animal vaccines are available in the market from a number of different producers.…”

“…Recombinant vaccines expressing the HC fragment of BoNT have also shown to be a potential alternative to toxoid vaccines. Horses vaccinated against recombinant HC BoNT/C were stimulated in the production of antibodies with few adverse reactions compared to the traditional toxoid vaccine [49]. Moreover, a multivalent vaccine comprised of HC-BoNT/A, HC- BoNT/B, and HC-BoNT/E protected mice from a multitoxin challenge [63].…”