Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia

Zaragoza, Nicolas E; Orellana, Camila A.; Moonen, Glenn; Moutafis, George; Marcellin, Esteban

doi:10.3390/toxins11090525

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 281 publications

(379 reference statements)

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“…The molecular mass of a mature beta toxin is 35 kDa [ 9 ], and beta toxin is a trypsin-sensitive toxin causing necrotic enteritis in pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, and chickens [ 10 ]. This disease most often occurs in young animals of these species and may, in general, cause serious injury to the intestinal epithelium of both animals and humans [ 11 , 12 ]. Administered intravenously into rats, beta toxin causes a rise in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production, immunogenicity, stability, and safety of a vaccine against Clostridium perfringens beta toxins

et al. 2020

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Background and Aim: The beta toxin is causing the most severe Clostridium perfringens-related diseases. This work was dedicated to developing a vaccine against beta toxin using C. perfringens type C (NCTC 3180). Materials and Methods: The crude toxoid harvest contained 710 limits of flocculation (Lf)/mL. The vaccine was formulated. Each 1 mL of the final vaccine product contained at least 50 Lf/mL of beta toxoids, 0.2 mL 3% aluminum hydroxide gel (equivalent to 5.18 mg of aluminum), <0.001% W/V thiomersal, formaldehyde <0.05% W/V, and ∼0.7 mL phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by potency, stability, and safety tests. Results: The vaccine demonstrated 24.36 IU/mL (standard deviation, ±0.56) and 14.74 IU/mL (±0.36) of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and cattle, respectively. Indeed, these levels were above the minimum recommended by international protocols since the obtained antibody levels had 2.43- and 1.47-fold increase in both rabbits and cattle, respectively, over the minimum antitoxin level suggested by the United States Department of Agriculture. Interestingly, our formulation was capable of inducing 1.65-fold higher immune responses in rabbits than that stimulated in cattle (65% increase) with a significant difference (p<0.0001). The vaccine was stable up to 30 months. The vaccinated rabbits were suffered from a temporarily slight increase in temperatures in the first 10 h without any significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The research showed a procedure for the manufacturing process of the vaccine against C. perfringens beta toxins with a feasible quantity and the vaccine described here showed to be effective in eliciting levels of neutralizing antibodies higher than required by international standards. In addition, The vaccine was stable up to 30 months. Thus, it may represent an effective and safe for preventing C. perfringens-related diseases in rabbits and cattle, although further studies to prove its efficacy in the field on other farm animals are still needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production, immunogenicity, stability, and safety of a vaccine against Clostridium perfringens beta toxins

et al. 2020

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“…Delta toxin has necrotizing activity, which can be demonstrated by intracutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs. C. septicum is responsible for myonecrosis in humans and braxy and malignant oedema (gas gangrene) in ruminants and clostridial dermatitis in poultry (Zaragoza et al 2019 ). C. septicum causes severe economic losses in livestock and poultry industries.…”

Section: Clostridium Septicummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, clostridial vaccines (except C. chauvoei ) contain one or more exotoxins produced by C. perfringens , C. novyi , and C. septicum . Commercial C. chauvoei vaccines consist of whole formalin-inactivated bacterial cultures, which are presented as monovalent or in combination with other clostridial agents (Zaragoza et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Vaccine Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, experimental trivalent recombinant CPA, NetB, and TpeL resulted in high antibody titre suggesting them as a candidate vaccine against clostridial disease (Rostami et al 2016 ). Also, successful experimental tetravalent recombinant CPA, CPB, ETX, and NetB have been reported (Zaragoza et al 2019 ). These research have shown that multivalent recombinant vaccines could be effective in comparison with traditional vaccines in immunization of animals (Goossens et al 2016).…”

Section: Vaccine Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccination against pathogenic clostridia in animals: a review

Khiav

Zahmatkesh

2021

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…The gene encoding ETX is located on plasmid of C. perfringens type D and B isolates [8]. ETX toxin is secreted as inactive toxin (33 kDa) and activated using intestinal proteases in the intestinal tract of animals which is responsible enterotoxaemia or pulpy kidney in sheep and goats [9].…”

Section: Epsilon Toxin (Etx)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Vaccine for Veterinary Use in Iran: A Review

Khiav

Paradise

Langroudi

et al. 2020

MRJI

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Clostridia are Gram-positive anaerobic, spore-forming rods, found in soil, water as well as gastro-intestinal tract of human and animals worldwide. Clostridial infections are among the most prevalent diseases in Iran. Clostridium causes botulism, tetanus, food poisoning, wound infections, enterotoxaemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg and black disease. Clostridium also causes several diseases affecting the livestock and poultry industries throughout the world. Vaccination against clostridial infection is effective in immunization of domestic animals and birds. This review discusses clostridial infection and the development of vaccines against their infection in Iran. The last reported outbreaks of blackleg, black disease and enterotoxaemia occurred years ago, so these vaccines have been produced since the 1960s using traditional and conventional methods. In recent years, molecular biology methods have been developed and applied to the identification of clostridial diseases among animals. In this study, molecular cloning strategies for the major toxins of Clostridium species, for development of recombinant vaccines, were designed and evaluated. In vivo studies indicate that the recombinant vaccines will increase immunity against disease in laboratory animals. These experimental vaccines can thus be used in future pilot studies in Iran. This review article presents current knowledge regarding C. perfringens, C. novyi, C. septicum and C. chauvoei in the veterinary industry in Iran.

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Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia

Cited by 43 publications

References 281 publications

Production, immunogenicity, stability, and safety of a vaccine against Clostridium perfringens beta toxins

Production, immunogenicity, stability, and safety of a vaccine against Clostridium perfringens beta toxins

Vaccination against pathogenic clostridia in animals: a review

Clostridial Vaccine for Veterinary Use in Iran: A Review

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