Aluminium-Doped Zinc Oxide Rear Reflectors for High-Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

The sputter deposition of broadband transparent and highly conductive cerium and hydrogen co‐doped indium oxide and its transfer to silicon heterojunction solar cells

“…There exist several indium-free alternatives. Recently, the replacement of ITO by low-cost aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) on the cell's rear side 1 or on both sides, 2,3 taking advantage of the wafers contribution to the lateral current transport in the case of a rear emitter cell design, 4 showed promising results, even though capping layers might be required to solve the module stability issue of zinc oxide-based TCOs. 2 Exploiting the superb electro-optical properties inherent for the indium oxide material class, another approach to reduce the indium consumption of an SHJ cell can be the reduction of the film's thickness.…”

Efficient broadband light absorption in thin-film a-Si solar cell based on double sided hybrid bi-metallic nanogratings

“…A key technique for obtaining good light trapping and enhancing the efficiency of solar cells is to engineer the light behavior by using photonic crystals, 4 diffraction gratings, 5 anti-reection coatings, 6 surface texturing, 7 and metallic nanoparticles. 3,8 Plasmonic nanogratings among other structures show a substantial progress as they can be used either as an innovative back reector patterned on a metal mirror [9][10][11][12] and/or on transparent and conductive oxides (TCO), [13][14][15][16] to improve both the optical path length and optical absorption over a broad spectrum. The effective coupling between metallic nanograting modes and the incident light essentially presents an efficient light trapping developing from surface plasmon resonances and their resultant near-eld light concentration.…”

Design considerations for multi-terawatt scale manufacturing of existing and future photovoltaic technologies: challenges and opportunities related to silver, indium and bismuth consumption

“…Promising efficiency results comparable to SHJ solar cells with traditional ITO layers have been reported by several authors, with efficiencies up to B24% reported. [113][114][115][116][117] However, a significant amount of effort still needs to be put into battle with the relatively poor conductivity and long-term stability of AZO layers. [118][119][120] Research on tandem devices must also focus on using indium-free TCO layers such as AZO.…”