Amazonian Atlantic: Cacao, Colonial Expansion and Indigenous Labour in the Portuguese Amazon Region (Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries)

Chambouleyron, Rafael; Arenz, Karl Heinz

doi:10.1017/s0022216x21000213

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The extraction of wild cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) and Brazil nut ( Bertholettia excelsa ) (Figure 1e) and the subsequent cacao plantations also funded Jesuit enterprises (Leite, 1938; Walker, 2007). Between 1580 and 1640 CE, Jesuits forced native Tupí groups from Brazil to harvest wild, forest‐grown cacao (Alden, 1997; Chambouleyron & Arenz, 2021; Leite, 1938). The first systematic cultivation of cacao began in the late 1660s when Jesuits started plantations that depended on exploited labor by Indigenous people and enslaved people from African countries (Chambouleyron & Arenz, 2021; Walker, 2007).…”

Section: Post‐colonial Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous and colonial influences on Amazonian forests

Nascimento,

Aukes,

McMichael

2024

Plants People Planet

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Societal Impact StatementGlobal climate models that incorporate carbon sources and sinks usually consider that forest uptake of carbon is in a state of equilibrium. Both historical and paleoecological records suggest that this is commonly not the case for Amazonia. Here, the impacts of colonial practices on Amazonian Indigenous peoples and forests are reviewed. Human activities affect forests' successional stages, trajectories, and species composition. By increasing the spatial coverage of paleoecological records that focus on pre‐ and post‐Columbian periods, the long‐term interactions between humans and Amazonian forests and their role in affecting Earth's climate may be better understood.SummaryLegacy effects left by the activities of Indigenous people in Amazonia are well known. Although severe, widespread, and recently occurring, the impacts left post‐1492 CE have been less investigated. We review the impact of colonial practices on Indigenous peoples and Amazonian forests. We suggest that forests comprise the sum of their past events, in a mosaic of different cumulative successional trajectories depending on the type, frequency, intensity, and timing of human influence. In regions with a history of minimal human influence, old‐growth species sensitive to fire would be the dominant landscape. In regions with high pre‐Columbian and low colonial influence, old‐growth forests carrying pre‐Columbian ecological legacies would be prevalent. Regions occupied by Indigenous groups post‐1492 CE would also carry similar ecological legacies. In regions influenced by the Jesuits, mid‐successional forests are expected to be enriched with cacao trees. In regions of latex extraction during the rubber boom, mid‐growth forests would present high abundances of early and mid‐successional species and depletion of some species. In deforested areas, we expect early successional forests with influence of exotic useful species. This patchwork of history probably plays a large role in shaping today's forests, and the biodiversity and carbon dynamics documented within them. Paleoecological work focusing on the last millennium, although scarce, has the potential to detect these mosaics of past human influence, and they should be considered when estimating forest ages and successional stages across the basin.

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Section: Post‐colonial Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous and colonial influences on Amazonian forests

Nascimento,

Aukes,

McMichael

2024

Plants People Planet

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“…Essa breve menção demonstra, por um lado, o quanto a agricultura (açúcar, fumo e cacau "manso") e o extrativismo (pau-cravo, salsaparrilha e cacau "bravo") se misturaram durante o primeiro século de colonização e, por outro lado, o quanto o Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará estava longe de ser uma periferia pobre e precária do Império luso. De fato, a economia da região amazônica, de caráter diversificado, ocupou, já no final do século XVII, uma posição central dentro do sistema comercial no espaço atlântico(CHAMBOULEYRON, 2010, p. 121-169;CHAMBOULEYRON;ARENZ, 2021).…”

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“Mais do que almas”:

Arenz

2023

ANPHLAC

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A evangelização dos indígenas na Amazônia portuguesa foi executada principalmente por missionários jesuítas. Para atingir o seu objetivo, os padres criaram uma ampla rede de assentamentos missionários cujos neófitos foram submetidos a uma rotina de catequese e trabalho. Pretende-se mostrar aqui como, apesar do controle social e cultural imposto pelos inacianos, os conhecimentos nativos relativos à produção de alimentos (sendo a mandioca o mantimento-chave) e à coleta sazonal de produtos da floresta tropical (especialmente cacau, cravo e óleos vegetais) marcaram as atividades econômicas desses estabelecimentos. Até recentemente, a historiografia tendia quase exclusivamente a sublinhar, de acordo com o conceito do mercantilismo, a importância da extração e exportação das “drogas do sertão”, sem muito se atentar ao agenciamento e aos saberes da população indígena. Documentos jesuítas mostram como, no cotidiano, elementos europeus e nativos se mesclaram e garantiram a sobrevivência da rede missionária.

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“…Essas empresas detém a maior parte do processo de moagem do cacau e, por conseguinte, controlam os preços e pagam valores baixos pelas amêndoas, deixam de promover o desenvolvimento da região (De Melo, 2010). Para o crescimento da economia do cacau amazônico foi utilizada intensivamente a escravização de grupos indígenas, que eram obrigados a trabalhar nas terras dos colonos invasores e a transportar os portugueses em canoas que se dirigiam ao sertão amazônico em busca de cacau, especiarias amazônicas e mais indígenas (Chambouleyron;Arenz, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A exploração do cacau amazônico no período colonial, portanto, se organizou a partir da agricultura e do extrativismo com base predominantemente na escravização indígenas. Apenas em meados do século XVIII, quando a Coroa aboliu a escravidão indígena e secularizou 7 as aldeias missionárias, é que esse cenário mudou (Chambouleyron;Arenz, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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O Desenvolvimento Da Cadeia Sustentável Do Chocolate De Alta Qualidade Produzido a Partir Do Cacau Fino Da Amazônia Brasileira

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Amazonian Atlantic: Cacao, Colonial Expansion and Indigenous Labour in the Portuguese Amazon Region (Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries)

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Indigenous and colonial influences on Amazonian forests

Indigenous and colonial influences on Amazonian forests

“Mais do que almas”:

O Desenvolvimento Da Cadeia Sustentável Do Chocolate De Alta Qualidade Produzido a Partir Do Cacau Fino Da Amazônia Brasileira

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