Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Greater Cairo

Khoder, Mamdouh I.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.051

Cited by 202 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The factor analysis found that all aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) were in the same factor. The ratio between toluene/benzene can be sued to identify the sources of these compounds and is relatively constant for traffic air pollution in a certain area (Khoder, 2007). In our study, the indoor toluene/benzene ratio and the outdoor toluene/ benzene ratio were similar on average, indicating that the main source of these two compounds is outdoor traffic exhausts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue

Norbäck

Hashim

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

101

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• Xylene, formaldehyde and NO 2 in schools in Malaysia can be associated with fatigue among students.• Formaldehyde and NO 2 in the classrooms can be associated with ocular symptoms.• The indoor and outdoor levels of benzene were often above the EU standard for ambient air. This paper studied associations between volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in schools in Malaysia and rhinitis, ocular, nasal and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue among students. Pupils from eight randomly selected junior high schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia (N = 462), participated (96%). VOC, formaldehyde and NO 2 were measured by diffusion sampling (one week) and VOC also by pumped air sampling during class. Associations were calculated by multi-level logistic regression adjusting for personal factors, the home environment and microbial compounds in the school dust. The prevalence of weekly rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms were 18.8%, 11.6%, 15.6%, and 11.1%, respectively. Totally 20.6% had weekly headache and 22.1% fatigue. Indoor CO 2 were low (range 380-690 ppm). Indoor median NO 2 and formaldehyde concentrations over one week were 23 μg/m 3 and 2.0 μg/m G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Contents lists available at ScienceDirectScience of the Total Environment j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s c i t o t e n v in schools can be risk factors for ocular and throat symptoms and fatigue among students in Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor levels of benzene were often higher than the EU standard of 5 μg/m 3 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue

Norbäck

Hashim

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

101

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“…Generally, carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) was commonly used as an extraction solvent for VOCs adsorbed by solid sorbents from solid sorbents (Odabasi et al 2005;Khoder 2007). However, CS 2 is highly toxic, flammable and easy to explode (ASTDR 2011).…”

Section: Selection Of Organic Solvent For Btex Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are various types of solid sorbents used for VOCs adsorption such as activated carbon (AC) (Odabasi et al 2005;Khoder 2007), Anasorb 747 Gór-ecki 2010, 2011), Tenax TA (Parra et al 2008;Hsu and Huang 2009) and Chromosorb106 (Suwanttiga and Limpaseni 2005;Pekey and Yilmaz 2011). These commercial solid sorbents are quite expensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of low-cost passive sampler from cow bone char for sampling of volatile organic compounds

Tala

Chantara

Thiansem

et al. 2016

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A simple and low-cost passive sampler for collection of volatile organic compounds, specifically benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), from the ambient air has been developed by using cow bone char (CBC) as an adsorbent with desorption by solvent extraction prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The laboratory-made CBC was prepared by calcination process in a partially oxidative atmosphere. The developed passive sampler was tested for a suitable amount of CBC used, diffusion tube type and size, and sampling duration, in a closed chamber saturated with each of the BTEX vapors. With the optimum amount of 250 mg CBC packed in a glass bottle (82.6 mm height 9 11.1 mm i.d.) and the exposure time of 168 h, detection limits (lg/m 3 ) for BTEX determination using this developed sampler together with GC-MS were 0.28 (benzene), 0.79 (toluene), 0.58 (ethylbenzene), 0.28 (p-xylene) and 0.54 (o-xylene). The proposed method was applied to sampling BTEX from selected petrol stations, traffic congestion areas and a rural area in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The BTEX concentrations detected were well correlated with their sources as they were the highest at the petrol station sites, lower at the traffic congestion area sites and the lowest at the rural area site. The laboratory-made passive sampler containing CBC has thus opened up a possibility of having a simple and effective device for sampling of BTEX in the ambient air.

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“…Different areas can exhibit different distributions of ambient HAPs, resulting in different health risks (Khoder 2007;Hoque et al 2008). However, even though data describing atmospheric HAP concentrations in areas with different characteristics in Korea are available, they have not yet been properly incorporated to provide valuable information for assessment of health risks associated with population exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and long-term temporal assessment of organic hazardous air pollutants and their comparative health risks

Kim

2015

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study investigated the spatial and longterm temporal characteristics of 13 selected organic hazardous air pollutants and the health risks associated with inhalation exposure over a recent 6-year period. Regional types selected for this study included a residential-commercial complex, traffic junction, petrochemical industry, iron and metal industry, and background areas in Korea. Toluene was generally the most abundant pollutants in all areas. The petrochemical industrial area had the highest median concentrations of six pollutants (benzene, ethyl benzene, o-xylene, m,p-xylene, styrene, and chloroform), followed by the residential-commercial complex, traffic junction, iron and metal industry, and background area. The residential-commercial complex and traffic junction areas showed the highest and second highest toluene concentrations, respectively. Two pollutants (1,1-dichloroethane and 1,3-butadiene) were present in similar concentrations among the five areas. In addition, the temporal trends in the annual mean concentrations exhibited unpredictable behavior depending on both the area and the type of pollutants. At the residential-commercial complex and traffic junction areas, six aromatic compounds showed significant correlations among themselves. In most cases, three important meteorological parameters (relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed) were not significantly

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Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Greater Cairo

Cited by 202 publications

References 42 publications

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue

Development of low-cost passive sampler from cow bone char for sampling of volatile organic compounds

Spatial and long-term temporal assessment of organic hazardous air pollutants and their comparative health risks

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