Ambroise Paré (1510 to 1590): A Surgeon Centuries Ahead of His Time

Shen, James T.; Weinstein, Michael; Beekley, Alec C.; Yeo, Charles J.; Cowan, Scott W.

doi:10.1177/000313481408000614

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The earliest classical medical writing on varicocele was in 25 BC to 50 AD, when Cornelius Celsus, a Roman Nobleman described two conditions that involved the dilatation of scrotal veins, namely "cirsocele" that caused dilation of deep veins and 'varicocele' that causes dilation of surface veins (8). However, it was Ambrose Pare in 1541, who gave a poetic definition of varicocele, calling that as 'compact blood vessels with stagnated melancholic blood and often seen in depressed men' (9). Three centuries later, Curling in 1853 coined the term 'varicocele' (dilatation of pampiniform plexus of veins) and related varicocele to oligospermia and male infertility (10).…”

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Varicocele and male infertility: Historical, anatomical and urological perspectives – a mini review

Kalpana¹,

Krishnamoorthy²

2021

Biomedicine

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Varicocele is defined as an abnormal dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cord. This is seen in 10 to 20% of general population and is one of the most common correctable causes of male infertility. The history of varicocele dates back to the era of Ancient Greeks to about 600 BC, who had sculptured varicocele in their statues as a tortuous bag of wormsin the scrotum. It was Ambrose Pare who gave a poetic description to the pooling of blood in the spermatic cords and subsequently Curling coined the term Varicocele The intricacy of the venous drainage of the scrotum and its contents and the criss crossing of the veins makes the thermo-regulatory mechanism regulating spermatogenesis, even more complex. The Cremaster and Dartos greatly aid in facilitating the thermo-regulatory mechanism of scrotal wall, which forms the anatomical basis of oligospermia in patients with varicocele. Apart from a visible change in seminal parameters, the benefits of varicocelectomy have extended on to an improvement in serum testosterone and enhancement of erectile and ejaculatory functions. With a greater knowledge of the pathophysiology of varicocele and with better understanding of the roles of gene polymorphisms and reactive oxygen species, the indications for varicocelectomy gain more support and evidence. A sound anatomical knowledge and an in-depth understanding of the events that take place at molecular level might shift the treatment focus in future from varicocelectomy to molecular targeted therapies.

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Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Varicocele and male infertility: Historical, anatomical and urological perspectives – a mini review

Kalpana¹,

Krishnamoorthy²

2021

Biomedicine

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“…у роботах Celsius висвітлено розширення вен насіннєвого канатику і виявлено зв'язок з атрофією яєчка. Водночас школа Гіппократа визначила варикоцеле як «скупчення крові, густої, чорної та жовчної» [42].…”

Section: оглядиunclassified

Varicocele in children and adolescents. History and current view and state of problem (literature review)

Dihtiar¹,

Vernihora²

2021

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A literature review on the subject of varicocele in children which include historical data and question about: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and long-term outcomes. The diagnostic method of varicocele unchanged until the XX century and consisted of visual examination and palpation with or without Valsava maneuver. But after entering in diagnostic protocol contrast venography, thermography of testis and ultrasound examination, this protocol have significant changes. For a long time, phlebography has been considered the «gold standard» for the diagnosis of varicocele. But the big disadvantage of this procedure is high invasiveness. Doppler ultrasound mapping has given a new impuls to the diagnosis of varicocele due to minimally invasiveand accessible. G. Liguori, C. Trombetta in their work showed that surgical treatment of varicocele should begin when the testicle size is reduced by more than 20%, or 2 ml of volume in ultrasound examination. Also, the visualization of reflux into the seminal vein is more specific in the ultrasound examination. G. Sigmund et al. introduced the concept of stop-type, shunt-type reflux into the seminal vein. However, in the case of unexplained recurrent varicocele, only antegrade venography can provide sufficient information. The review presents the classic and alternative surgical treatments of varicocele in children. Today it is safe to say that the treatment of varicocele has entered to the era of modern evidence-based medicine. A large number of studies indicate that the expansion of the testicular plexus has a progressive detrimental effect on testicular tissue and leads to a deterioration in sperm count. The methods witch used to correct varicocele earlier was traumatic, but modern surgery has brought many innovative technologies and methods of surgical correction. In addition, there have been impressive developments in bimolecular and functional sperm tests. Nowdays gold standard of surgical treatment varicocele is microsurgical subgingival varicocelectomy but this operation has one big disadvantage. This is possible damage of the testicular artery. The solution of this problem can be obtained by finding new intraoperative way of visualization and defending testicular artery and lymphatic vessels. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: varicocele, microsurgical subgingival varicocelectomy, children.

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“…Paré recommended delivery of the dilated veins through a 2-inch scrotal incision with subsequent use of a double ligature instead of cautery ( 17 ).…”

Section: Antiquitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The history of varicocele: from antiquity to the modern ERA

Marte¹

2018

Int. braz j urol.

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Men have most likely been affected by varicocele since the assumption of the upright position. In De Medicina, written during the first century AD, Celsus credits the Greeks with the first description of a varicocele, and he recorded his own acute observation: “The veins are swollen and twisted over the testicle, which becomes smaller”. Celsus himself is credited with the distinction between varicocele (dilation of surface veins) and “cirsocele” (dilation of deep veins). There has been a long history of treatment attempts and failures, some of which are remarkably strange, that have sometimes cul- minated in tragedy, as in the case of French professor Jacques-Mathieu Delpech (1772-1832). Although some questions regarding the etiopathology and treatment of varico- cele remain unanswered, a succession of more or less conservative attempts involving all medical cultures has been performed throughout history. The report by W.S. Tulloch in 1952 brought varicocele into the era of modern evidence-based medicine, and varicocele surgery finally progressed beyond the aim of merely relieving scrotal pain and swelling. From 1970 to 2000, varicocelectomies gained worldwide attention for the treatment of male infertility. Several innovative procedures to correct varicoceles began to appear in the world's literature as interventional radiology, microsurgery, laparoscopy, and robotics, while comprehensive review articles were also published on the subject of varicocelectomies. Microsurgery is nowadays used worldwide and it can be considered to be the gold standard for correcting infertility linked to varicocele.

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Ambroise Paré (1510 to 1590): A Surgeon Centuries Ahead of His Time

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Varicocele and male infertility: Historical, anatomical and urological perspectives – a mini review

Varicocele and male infertility: Historical, anatomical and urological perspectives – a mini review

Varicocele in children and adolescents. History and current view and state of problem (literature review)

The history of varicocele: from antiquity to the modern ERA

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