Ameliorative Effect of Propolis Against Thioacetamide Induced Hepatorenal Injury in Adult Male Rats. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) a Biomarker of Renal Injury

Abstract

Background: Thioacetamide (TAA), a known industrial toxic agent, is extensively used in animal studies for induction of hepatic necrosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, also reported to be nephrotoxic through induction of oxidative stress. Propolis, bee glue, is known by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim of Study: This work aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of propolis on TAA-induced hepatorenal damage and to evaluate the efficacy of Kidney Injury Molecuole-1 (KIM-1) in early detection of renal injury. Material and Methods: This study was performed on 24 adult male albino rats, divided into 3 groups; (I) Control group, (II) TAA-group (TAA was given in a dose of 50mg/kg /day intraperitoneally, 5 days/week for 2 weeks), (III) TAApropolis treated group (TAA was given in the same way as in TAA-group, propolis was given in a dose of 500mg/kg/day by gavage, 5 days/week for 2 weeks). All studied rats were subjected to determination of initial and final body weight, body weight percent change, absolute and relative liver and kidney weight, as well as assessment of hepatic function by serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST), renal function by serum urea, creatinine and potassium (K+) level, with determination of renal tissue oxidative stress markers; Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), inflammatory marker; Myeloperoxidase (MPO), renal tissue damage marker; Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1). In addition, specimens of liver and kidney were taken and processed for light microscopic studies. Results: TAA induced hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effect that was evident by the significantly increased serum ALT, AST, urea and creatinine, with significant decrease in serum K + level as well as significantly increased renal tissue MDA, GST, MPO and KIM-1 when compared with control group. Treatment with propolis caused significant reduction in serum ALT, AST, urea and creatinine, with significant elevation in serum K + as well as significant reduction in renal tissue MDA, GST, MPO and KIM-1 when compared to the TAA group, but still significantly higher compared to controls except for

The ameliorating role of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir on thioacetamide-induced kidney injury in adult albino rats

“…In previous research, TAA increased collagen deposition and induced glomerular sclerosis and necrosis with interstitial fibrosis [ 2 , 42 , 43 ]. Juxtamedullary collagen content increased significantly in the TAA treated group in this study which agreed with Mansour et al [ 10 ] who showed significant increase in the amount of collagen fibers in-between renal tubules and around renal glomeruli after TAA treatment as well. Moreover, significantly increased collagen and fibrin deposition in the renal medulla with focal mesangial cell proliferation and outstanding hepatic perivascular and peri-biliary deposition of collagen were noticed as well in the TAA supplemented group [ 26 , 44 ].…”

“…Light microscopic examination of kidney tissue related to TAA intraperitoneally supplemented rats in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks showed glomerular and peritubular congestion with disruption of tubular epithelial lining and intra-luminal hyaline cast. Tubular cells showed vacuolations, Karyorrhexis and deeply stained nuclei [ 10 ]. Also, desquamation and loss of the tubular brush border with cell swelling, cytoplasmic vacuolations and pale cytoplasm were observed after single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg TAA in mice [ 11 ].…”

“…Moreover, all the measured oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD and GSH) and proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α were markedly affected by TAA treatment. Several studies reported the disturbance in the renal function parameters, oxidative stress markers, cytokines and inflammatory markers as interleukins in the TAA-treated group [ 1 , 2 , 9 - 12 , 41 ]. Mostly, oxidative stress plays the most important role in TAA-induced nephrotoxicity so that many authors hypothesized that the use of antioxidants could have beneficial effects [ 47 , 48 ].…”

“…Detection of the changes induced by exposure to chemicals is vital to identify the appropriate countermeasures that decreases its serious health effects and prevents organ damage [ 9 ]. Wherefore, great attention has been paid to prevent and treat acute and chronic renal damages that are caused by such products [ 10 ]. Many recent studies described the protective effects of different compounds on the nephrotoxicity induced by TAA.…”

“…Resveratrol reversed the oxidative stress state and reduced the inflammatory markers that were raised by TAA exposure in the kidney [ 2 ]. Treatment with propolis significantly protected against the increased serum urea, and creatinine, and the decreased serum potassium which was induced by TAA [ 10 ]. Administration of Schisandrin B corrected all the TAA-induced disturbances in serum parameters and apoptotic markers [ 11 ].…”