American black bear den-site selection and characteristics in an urban environment

Schafer, Toryn L. J.; Breck, Stewart W.; Baruch‐Mordo, Sharon; Lewis, David L.; Wilson, Kenneth; Mao, Julie S.; Day, Thomas L.

doi:10.2192/ursus-d-17-00004.2

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Therefore, selection of an appropriate den site is important for population growth or stability as well as survival and recruitment of young. Previous work has suggested that the type of den that bears selected was consistent with the type of cover that was most common in the surrounding area (Baldwin & Bender, 2008;Bard & Cain III, 2020;Beecham et al, 1983;Fowler et al, 2019;Schafer et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Since we were interested in investigating multiple scales of selection, we analyzed each of the four datasets separately, resulting in To quantify characteristics of den sites selected by bears, we used conditional logistic regression using the "clogit" function in the survival package in R version 4.2.2 (R Core Team, 2022; Therneau, 2022;Therneau & Grambsch, 2000). Conditional logistic regression allowed us to use a matched-case control format for used and available (random) locations (Bard & Cain III, 2020;Manly et al, 2002;Schafer et al, 2018). We used the "stepAIC" function in the MASS package in R (Venables & Ripley, 2002) to rank models by Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc; Burnham & Anderson, 2002) and to identify a top-performing model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection of den sites and chronology of denning by black bears in the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin

Long,

Stewart,

Shoemaker

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Use of dens during winter is an important strategy for American black bears (Ursus americanus) for both energy conservation and reproduction; and occupancy of suitable den sites has implications for reproductive fitness. Denning strategies may change as a result of changing climatic conditions and habitat loss. Black bears occupy arid environments in the eastern Sierra Nevada and the western ranges of the Great Basin Ecosystem. Our objectives were to identify: (1) which physical characteristics of habitat influenced selection of den sites at multiple spatial scales and (2) which environmental factors influenced timing of entrance and exit of dens by females and males. We evaluated selection of den sites by black bears at three spatial scales (300, 1000, and 4000 m) from 2011 to 2022. Terrain ruggedness was important for selection of den sites at all spatial scales. Within a 300‐m buffer from the den, bears selected den sites with rugged terrain, lower horizontal visibility, and greater canopy cover, resulting in more concealment and protection than that of the surrounding environment. Within 1000‐ and 4000‐m buffers around each den, bears selected den sites with rugged terrain, northern aspects, and steep slopes. At the 4000‐m scale, we observed interactions between sex with slope and distance to roads; females selected den sites on steeper slopes and closer to roads than did males. Females remained in the dens longer than males by entering earlier in the autumn and exiting later in the spring. Male bears exited their dens earlier with increasing consecutive days above freezing temperatures, but that relationship was weak for females. Knowing what characteristics are important for selection of den sites, and influence timing of denning, will be important for understanding how shifting climatic patterns will affect bears, particularly in arid environments that may be prone to wider fluctuations in climatic drivers of denning in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of den sites and chronology of denning by black bears in the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin

Long,

Stewart,

Shoemaker

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Resource selection analysis.— We used a conditional logistic regression framework to fit our RSFs, where parturition sites (used locations) and random sites (available locations) were matched (Lehman et al 2016; Schafer et al 2018). We fit generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) in R package ‘glmmTMB’ version 0.2.3 (Magnusson et al 2019) with a Poisson error distribution and a log link function because the likelihood converges to that of a conditional logistic regression when random intercept variances are fixed at a large value (Muff et al 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale influences on Elk (Cervus canadensis) calving site selection across a fragmented Appalachian landscape

Hooven,

Williams,

Hast

et al. 2023

Journal of Mammalogy

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Due to the vulnerability of neonatal ungulates, selection of a birth site can have important implications for offspring survival and thus fitness of the mother. We studied parturition site selection in cow Elk in southeastern Kentucky, United States, using a use–availability framework to evaluate the effects of landscape variables sampled at multiple spatial grains on the relative probability of use of parturition sites. We identified 81 Elk parturition sites during May–Aug 2020–2022 and fit several candidate resource selection function models using a sample of 24,314 random locations to characterize habitat availability. Using an information-theoretic approach to rank candidate models, we identified two top-performing models (cumulative ωi = 0.97), which indicated that at fine spatial grains (~10- and 30-m pixels) parturient cow Elk selected for intermediate canopy cover and lower terrain ruggedness compared to available locations. At coarse grains (250–1,000-m buffers/neighborhoods), Elk selected against vegetation greenness/biomass, for higher topographic positions, for closer proximity to major roads, and with higher solar radiation potential. We also found evidence that Elk responded positively to forest/open edge densities at coarse grains, demonstrating that calving habitat throughout the Kentucky Elk Restoration Zone is associated with heterogeneous landscapes resulting from surface mine reclamation. As a result, habitat management actions should aim to increase patchy, early successional shrub cover on gentle topography.

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Mechanisms of human-black bear conflicts in Japan: In preparation for climate change

Honda¹,

Kozakai

2020

Science of The Total Environment

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American black bear den-site selection and characteristics in an urban environment

Abstract: black bear den-site selection and characteristics in an urban environment" (2018).

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Selection of den sites and chronology of denning by black bears in the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin

Selection of den sites and chronology of denning by black bears in the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin

Multiscale influences on Elk (Cervus canadensis) calving site selection across a fragmented Appalachian landscape

Mechanisms of human-black bear conflicts in Japan: In preparation for climate change

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