Amine-Modified Carbon Xerogels as Effective Carbon-Based Adsorbents of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions

Ptaszkowska-Koniarz, Magdalena; Gościańska, Joanna; Bazan-Woźniak, Aleksandra; Pietrzak, Robert

doi:10.3390/ma15165736

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Clay-templated xerogels demonstrated the highest sorption capacity toward diclofenac because of their optimal porous structures [142]. CX materials have also been applied for the adsorption of various compounds, such as metronidazole [143], caffeine [116], thymol blue [144], and Rhodamine B [145]. Particularly efficient performance was achieved in the case of CXs modified with copper-and nitrogencontaining functional groups.…”

Section: Adsorbentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Veselov,

Vedyagin

2023

Materials

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Carbon xerogels (CXs) are materials obtained via the pyrolysis of resins prepared via the sol–gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. These materials attract great attention as adsorbents, catalyst supports, and energy storage materials. One of the most interesting features of CXs is the possibility of fine-tuning their structures and textures by changing the synthesis conditions in the sol–gel stage. Thus, the first part of this review is devoted to the processes taking place in the polycondensation stage of organic precursors. The formation of hydroxymethyl derivatives of resorcinol and their polycondensation take place at this stage. Both of these processes are catalyzed by acids or bases. It is revealed that the sol–gel synthesis conditions, such as pH, the formaldehyde/resorcinol ratio, concentration, and the type of basic modifier, all affect the texture of the materials being prepared. The variation in these parameters allows one to obtain CXs with pore sizes ranging from 2–3 nm to 100–200 nm. The possibility of using other precursors for the preparation of organic aerogels is examined as well. For instance, if phenol is used instead of resorcinol, the capabilities of the sol–gel method become rather limited. At the same time, other phenolic compounds can be applied with great efficiency. The methods of gel drying and the pyrolysis conditions are also reviewed. Another important aspect analyzed within this review is the surface modification of CXs by introducing various functional groups and heteroatoms. It is shown that compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, boron, or phosphorus can be introduced at the polycondensation stage to incorporate these elements into the gel structure. Thus, the highest surface amount of nitrogen (6–11 at%) was achieved in the case of the polycondensation of formaldehyde with melamine and hydroxyaniline. Finally, the methods of preparing metal-doped CXs are overviewed. Special attention is paid to the introduction of a metal precursor in the gelation step. The elements of the iron subgroup (Fe, Ni, Co) were found to catalyze carbon graphitization. Therefore, their introduction can be useful for enhancing the electrochemical properties of CXs. However, since the metal surface is often covered by carbon, such materials are poorly applicable to conventional catalytic processes. In summary, the applications of CXs and metal-doped CXs are briefly mentioned. Among the promising application areas, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and adsorbents are of special interest.

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Section: Adsorbentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Veselov,

Vedyagin

2023

Materials

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“…Increasing environmental awareness has stimulated the search for adsorbents for the effective removal of gas [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] and liquid [ 8 , 9 , 10 ] pollutants and consequently, the interest in developing new technologies for the production of porous materials. According to many tests and laboratory experiments, adsorption on carbon adsorbents is one of the most effective methods of removal of liquid and gas pollutants from the natural environment [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microporous Biocarbons Derived from Inonotus obliquus Mushroom and Their Application in the Removal of Liquid and Gaseous Impurities

Bazan-Woźniak

Cielecka‐Piontek

Nosal‐Wiercińska

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Biocarbons were obtained by physical and chemical activation of the residue of the extraction of chaga fungi (Inonotus obliquus). The residue was subjected to heat treatment carried out in a microwave oven and in a quartz tubular reactor. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, determination of pH, and the contents of acidic and basic oxygen functional groups on the surface of biocarbons by the Boehm method. The final biocarbon adsorbents have surface areas varying from 521–1004 m2/g. The physical activation of the precursor led to a strongly basic character of the surface. Chemical activation of Inonotus obliquus promoted the generation of acid functional groups. All biocarbons were used for methyl red sodium salt adsorption from the liquid phase. The sorption capacities of biocarbons towards the organic dye studied varied from 77 to 158 mg/g. The Langmuir model was found to better describe the experimental results. The results of the kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption of methyl red sodium salt on the biocarbons followed the pseudo-second-order model. The acidic environment was conducive to the adsorption of the dye on the obtained biocarbons. Moreover, thermodynamic studies confirmed that the organic dye adsorption on the biocarbons was a spontaneous endothermic process. The biocarbons obtained were also tested as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide in dry and wet conditions. The sorption capacities towards hydrogen sulfide varied in the range of 21.9–77.9 mg. The results have shown that the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide depends on the process conditions and the activation procedure of biocarbons (method of activation and thermochemical treatment of samples). It has been shown that the initial material used can be a new precursor for obtaining cheap and—more importantly—universal bioadsorbents characterized by high effectiveness in the removal of air and water pollutants.

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Diclofenac sodium drug adsorption isotherm on carbon xerogels via an advanced two layers model with two energies

Ben Khemis,

Aouaini,

Knani

et al. 2024

Materials Chemistry and Physics

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Amine-Modified Carbon Xerogels as Effective Carbon-Based Adsorbents of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Microporous Biocarbons Derived from Inonotus obliquus Mushroom and Their Application in the Removal of Liquid and Gaseous Impurities

Diclofenac sodium drug adsorption isotherm on carbon xerogels via an advanced two layers model with two energies

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