Amine Pretreatments for Enhancing the Polymer Shrinkproofing of Wool

Cook, John R.; Rivett, Donald E.

doi:10.1177/004051758105100907

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The results in Table I indicate clearly the importance of the heat-cure step for binding polyamines to wool [2]. The increase in available amino groups correlates well with the previously observed increase in surface energy of the fiber [2].…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

“…Recent work has shown that, under conditions comparable to those used in shrinkproofing processes, polyamines bind covalently to the wool [6], increasing the surface energy and yielding a much improved substrate for subsequent polymer applications [2,7]. Relatively small amounts of polyamine bound to the wool produce a dramatic change in fiber behavior, a result which suggests that the more effective polyamine pretreatments confine their reaction to the fiber surface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Distribution of Polyamines in Treated Wool

Rivett

1982

Textile Research Journal

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confidence: 81%

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confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Polyamines in Treated Wool

Rivett

1982

Textile Research Journal

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“…Pittman obtained a value of 28 mN/m for Lincoln wool using this method and stated that he was unable to get meaningful results on other wools because of the high crimp [26]. Nevertheless, other workers reported values of 30-31 mN/m for Merino wool using the same method [2,12]. Theoretically, the CST values obtained using nonpolar liquids should be equal to ~, not ys [ 15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Energy of Wool

Brooks

Rahman

1986

Textile Research Journal

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The dispersion and polar components of the surface free energy of untreated and chlorinated Lincoln wool fibers have been determined from the wetting forces of water and methylene iodide. The values obtained for the untreated wool fibers were close to those previously reported for human hair. Chlorination increased only the polar component. The three-phase boundary moved in steps corresponding to the scale spacing of the fiber surface. Procedures for determining relevant wetting forces were developed. The surface energy of wool is an important factor in the wet processing of wool and in the performance of the finished garment. In shrinkproofing wool by polymer deposition, surface thermodynamics may control the spreading of the polymer on the fiber surface and affect the subsequent adhesion of the polymer to the fiber [ 14]. Previous workers [2,7,14,26,30] have characterized the surface of the wool fiber by determining the critical surface tension (CST): this is the value of the surface tension of a wetting liquid at which the contact angle becomes zero [33].Certain chemical treatments of wool, such as chlorination, have been found to increase the CST.Feldtman and McPhee [ 14] proposed that the condition for spontaneous spreading of a liquid polymer on a fiber was that the fiber must have a higher CST than the polymer. Such treatments as chlorination did indeed increase the CST of the fiber and also resulted in a dramatic improvement in the shrinkproofing efficacy of the subsequent polymer application [ 14]. Although this effect was consistent with the theory, there are alternative mechanisms by which such treatments may improve the distribution and adhesion of a polymer. These mechanisms include the increased probability of chemical interactions between the polymer and the treated wool [ 13], the generation of anionic groups in the wool [ 13], and increased diffusion of polymer into the fiber [6,29]. At present, it is not clear to what extent changes in the surface energy of the wool affect the application of various polymers. The CST is not normally equal to the surface energy of the solid; if it were, the interfacial energy between the solid and the wetting liquids used in the test would have to be zero. In general, this condition is not met, and equations have been proposed expressing the interfacial energy in terms of the dispersion (ysj and polar (-ysP) components of the surface energies (ys) of the two phases [ 17, 24, 31 ]. Owens and Wendt developed a method to determine these components for any solid from measurements of the contact angles of a pair of pure liquids on the solid [24]. At present there are two alternative equations that can be used: the extended Fowkes' equation and Wu's equation. The form and use of these equations has been adequately presented in the literature [27, 32]. The optimum condition for spreading and adhesion is when the values of 'Y? and ys for the adhesive are equal to the values for the adherend [32]. In our laboratory, contact angles for each fiber were calculated from meas...

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“…The adhesion between individual wool fibers is improved by pretreatment with amines, which leads to improved shrink resistance (431). An antimicrobial finish can be applied to cotton by using a combination of PEI and ureas to bind zinc pyrithione to the fabric (432).…”

Section: Textile Finishingmentioning

confidence: 99%