Amino acid requirements in children and the elderly population

Pillai, Raja R.; Kurpad, Anura V

doi:10.1017/s0007114512002401

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Children at high risk of stunting may have limitations of essential amino acids in their diet such as tryptophan and lysine ( Nuss and Tanumihardjo, 2011 ). The amino acid requirements of young children were not directly established and are currently derived based on a factorial computation ( Pillai and Kurpad, 2012 ). Whether current dietary recommendations of essential amino acids are sufficient for children in low-income settings – where infectious diseases are common and catch-up growth is important – is unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Stunting is Associated with Low Circulating Essential Amino Acids

et al. 2016

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BackgroundStunting affects about one-quarter of children under five worldwide. The pathogenesis of stunting is poorly understood. Nutritional interventions have had only modest effects in reducing stunting. We hypothesized that insufficiency in essential amino acids may be limiting the linear growth of children.MethodsWe used a targeted metabolomics approach to measure serum amino acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and other metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 313 children, aged 12–59 months, from rural Malawi. Children underwent anthropometry.FindingsSixty-two percent of the children were stunted. Children with stunting had lower serum concentrations of all nine essential amino acids (tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine) compared with nonstunted children (p < 0.01). In addition, stunted children had significantly lower serum concentrations of conditionally essential amino acids (arginine, glycine, glutamine), non-essential amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, serine), and six different sphingolipids compared with nonstunted children. Stunting was also associated with alterations in serum glycerophospholipid concentrations.InterpretationOur findings support the idea that children with a high risk of stunting may not be receiving an adequate dietary intake of essential amino acids and choline, an essential nutrient for the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Stunting is Associated with Low Circulating Essential Amino Acids

et al. 2016

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“…The scoring pattern of the requirement is then calculated as a ratio of total IAA requirement (mgÁkg −1 Áday −1 ) to the calculated growth plus maintenance protein requirement (gÁkg −1 Áday −1 ; World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization & United Nations University, 2007). The factorial estimates of IAA requirement (mgÁkg −1 Áday −1 ) compared well with empirical estimates of the requirement for some IAA in Indian children, using the stable isotopebased indicator amino acid oxidation method (Kurpad & Thomas, 2011;Pillai & Kurpad, 2012).…”

Section: Iaa Requirements In Children and Pregnant Womenmentioning

confidence: 97%

Protein intakes of pregnant women and children in India—protein quality implications

Bandyopadhyay

Shivakumar

Kurpad

2020

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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The recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS‐4, 2016) reports a national average of 18% for low birthweight (LBW) and 38% for stunting in children <5 years. Nutrition and environmental influences (chronic enteric pathogenic exposure through poor water, sanitation, and hygiene) are two critical factors that impact the health outcomes of the populxation. This is particularly relevant for vulnerable age groups such as pregnant women and children <5 years, who bear long‐lasting and intergenerational consequences of impoverished nutrition and suboptimal living conditions. The present review provides, for the first time, an analysis of indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements for pregnant women, separately for the second and third trimesters, using protein accretion data from a recent Indian study. Furthermore, using these estimates for pregnancy, and the current IAA requirements for young children, the quality of protein was assessed in Indian diets consumed by pregnant women and children (1–3 and 4–6 years) from national representative rural National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey. The assessment was considered in the context of an adverse environment and in relation to outcomes such as LBW, stunting, and underweight. Finally, an assessment was made of the proportion of the surveyed population at risk of dietary quality protein inadequacy and implications for planning nutrition intervention programmes. Specifically, state‐wise estimates of the risk of quality protein inadequacy are provided, in addition to evaluations of additional dietary supplementation, which could inform the policy of supplementary nutrition programmes to improve health outcomes.

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“…Proteins are folded, 3‐dimensional macromolecules composed of amino acids that are in a constant change and are subject to degradation to free amino acids. Amino acids cannot be stored and must be incorporated into protein or be oxidized and lost as nitrogenous products such urea and ammonia 1 – 4 . Nitrogen constitutes 16% of the weight of a protein; therefore, a factor of 6.25 is used to convert nitrogen to protein.…”

Section: Protein Needs During Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Requirements of the Critically Ill Pediatric Patient

et al. 2017

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This article includes a review of protein needs in children during health and illness, as well as a detailed discussion of protein metabolism, including nitrogen balance during critical illness, and assessment and prescription/delivery of protein to critically ill children. The determination of protein requirements in children has been difficult and challenging. The protein needs in healthy children should be based on the amount needed to ensure adequate growth during infancy and childhood. Compared with adults, children require a continuous supply of nutrients to maintain growth. The protein requirement is expressed in average requirements and dietary reference intake, which represents values that cover the needs of 97.5% of the population. Critically ill children have an increased protein turnover due to an increase in whole‐body protein synthesis and breakdown with protein degradation leading to loss of lean body mass (LBM) and development of growth failure, malnutrition, and worse clinical outcomes. The results of protein balance studies in critically ill children indicate higher protein needs, with infants and younger children requiring higher intakes per body weight compared with older children. Monitoring the side effects of increased protein intake should be performed. Recent studies found a survival benefit in critically ill children who received a higher percentage of prescribed energy and protein goal by the enteral route. Future randomized studies should evaluate the effect of protein dosing in different age groups on patient outcomes, including LBM, muscle structure and function, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and mortality.

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Amino acid requirements in children and the elderly population

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Child Stunting is Associated with Low Circulating Essential Amino Acids

Child Stunting is Associated with Low Circulating Essential Amino Acids

Protein intakes of pregnant women and children in India—protein quality implications

Protein Requirements of the Critically Ill Pediatric Patient

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