Amino Acids in the Nutrition and Production of Sheep and Goats

Cao, Yangchun; Yao, Junhu; Sun, Xiaoting; Liu, Shimin; Martin, Graeme

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_5

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Amino acids supplementation, especially branched-chain amino acids, exerts a unique capability to recruit signal transduction pathways that up-regulate protein biosynthesis, in skeletal muscle, therefore, increasing BwtGKg [39,40]. However, the usage of dietary amino acid supplements in ruminants is debatable due to ruminal degradation but other studies consider their dietary role in ruminants [41]. Besides, the zinc contents of the N. oculata microalga influence the digestibility of crude protein, organic matter, and acid detergent fiber in sheep [42] as well as intestinal barrier integrity [43], which is positively reflected in growth performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulatory effects of Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation on Barki rams growth performance, antioxidant assay, and immunological status

et al. 2022

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Background Natural feed supplements are gaining popularity in the animal production sector due to their safety and potential immunostimulatory properties, as well as the ban of some antibiotics and their negative residual effects. This study was carried out for 1 month to investigate the effect of Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation on growth performance and cell-mediated immunological status of rams assessed by leukogram assessment, lipid oxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), interleukin assay after lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) including interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 12 (IL12), and gamma interferon (γ-IF), as well as Comet assay (% of DNA damage, tail length (px), % DNA in tail, tail moment and Olive tail moment). Methods Eighteen Barki rams (26.21 ± 0.64 kg) were divided into 3 equal treatment groups (6 sheep/each), G1: animals served as the control group that was fed the basal diet only, while the other treated groups (G2 and G3 (Nan 1.5% and Nan 3%) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.5% and 3% N. oculata (dry matter basis), respectively. Results The obtained results revealed that G3 showed a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in performance (body weight and body weight gain), the highest significant count (P < 0.05) in lymphocytes, and the lowest significant (P < 0.05) levels of neutrophils and neutrophils and lymphocytes ratio (N/L) ratio. Meanwhile, both levels of N. oculata significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA and increased TAC than control which seemed to be directly correlated with supplemented dose. There was a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in the lymphocyte transformation assay produced significant (P < 0.05) high cytokines (IL6, γ-IF, IL12, and TNF-α) and the lowest significant (P <0.05) percent of DNA damage. The conducted principal component analysis estimated the inter-relationship between parameters and revealed that microalgae correlated strongly with cytokine assay and TAC, and negatively with Comet assay parameters; MDA, and neutrophils. Conclusions It can be noted that dietary addition of N. oculata 3% increased sheep's performance while also producing significant-high cytokines. It also enhanced sheep immunology by considerably enhancing lymphocyte transformation ability. The antioxidant activity of Nannochloropsis appears to influence these findings. It was proposed that the Barki rams’ basal diet be supplemented with 3% N. oculata.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulatory effects of Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation on Barki rams growth performance, antioxidant assay, and immunological status

et al. 2022

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“…2% urea or ammonia) is effectively used for AA and protein synthesis by ruminal microbes in ruminants. 14–16…”

Section: Concepts Of Nutritionally Essential Aas and Nonessential Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 ammonia) is effectively used for AA and protein synthesis by ruminal microbes in ruminants. [14][15][16] Growing nonruminant mammals (e.g. pigs and rats) can utilize a small amount of dietary ammonia-nitrogen for AASA synthesis when diets are severely deficient in AASAs.…”

Section: Concepts Of Nutritionally Essential Aas and Nonessential Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

2022

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Amino acids (AAs) are required for syntheses of proteins and low-molecular-weight substances with enormous physiological importance. Since 1912, AAs have been classified as nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) or nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) for animals. EAAs are those AAs that are either not synthesized or insufficiently synthesized de novo in the organisms. It was assumed that all NEAAs (now known as AAs that are synthesizable in animal cells de novo [AASAs]) were formed sufficiently in animals and were not needed in diets. However, studies over the past three decades have shown that sufficient dietary AASAs (e.g. glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and proline) are necessary for the maximum growth and optimum health of pigs, chickens, and fish. Thus, the concept of “ideal protein” (protein with an optimal EAA pattern that precisely meets the physiological needs of animals), which was originally proposed in the 1950s but ignored AASAs, is not ideal in animal nutrition. Ideal diets must provide all physiologically and nutritionally essential AAs. Improved patterns of AAs in diets for swine and chickens as well as zoo and companion animals have been proposed in recent years. Animal-sourced feedstuffs supply abundant EAAs and AASAs (including glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and taurine) for diets of swine, poultry, fish, and crustaceans to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and health, while sustaining global animal production. Nutritionists should move beyond the “ideal protein” concept to consider optimum ratios and amounts of all proteinogenic AAs in diets for mammals, birds, and aquatic animals, and, in the case of carnivores, also taurine.

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“…Papers published in the special issue of Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark entitled "Amino Acids in Nutrition, Health, and Disease" have laid a framework for subsequent studies in this expanding research field. Examples include AA nutrition and metabolism in swine [46][47][48], cattle [49][50][51], sheep [52][53][54], poultry [55][56][57], fish [58][59][60][61][62][63], crustaceans [64], and humans [65][66][67], as well as intestinal microbial AA metabolism [68,69] and the modulation of proline metabolism for cancer therapy [70][71][72]. In addition, a much-needed database of all proteinogenic AAs plus key nonproteinogenic AAs and nitrogenous nutrients in common foodstuffs for humans and farm animals have recently been established [73][74][75].…”

Section: Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acids in nutrition, health, and disease

Wu¹

2021

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Proline metabolism and signaling in parasites, bacteria and cancers 3. Homeostasis as well as signaling and regulatory roles of AAs 4. Functions of AAs in fetal growth and development 5. Roles of AAs in intestinal metabolism, growth and health 6. Experimental methods, models, and data analysis 7. Impacts 8. Author contributions 9. Ethics approval and consent to participate 10. Acknowledgments 11. Funding 12. Conflict of interest 13. References

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Amino Acids in the Nutrition and Production of Sheep and Goats

Cited by 18 publications

References 101 publications

Immunostimulatory effects of Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation on Barki rams growth performance, antioxidant assay, and immunological status

Immunostimulatory effects of Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation on Barki rams growth performance, antioxidant assay, and immunological status

The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

Amino acids in nutrition, health, and disease

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