Ammonia production by intestinal bacteria: the effects of lactose, lactulose and glucose

Vince, Angela; Burridge, Sigrid M.

doi:10.1099/00222615-13-2-177

Cited by 150 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The explanation of these results is that cyanobacterial mats have variety of species that can produce ammonium hydroxide through biodegradation processes of nitrogen containing compounds such as proteins and it derivatives. Our explanation is supported by the results of Vince et al who revealed that bacteria produced ammonia from proteins and their derivatives by several processes such as proteolysis, peptide degradation, deamination and deamidation, which varies with type of bacterium, nutritional status, and growth phase [36,37].…”

Section: Effect Of Binary Mixturesupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Bromacil, Malathion and Thiabendazole on Cyanobacteria Mat Growth

El‐Nahhal¹,

El-Hams²

2017

Int J Appl Sci Res Rev

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Section: Effect Of Binary Mixturesupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Bromacil, Malathion and Thiabendazole on Cyanobacteria Mat Growth

El‐Nahhal¹,

El-Hams²

2017

Int J Appl Sci Res Rev

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“…Proteins escaping digestion, including those of endogenous origin (e.g., digestive enzymes and sloughted mucosal cells), reach the large intestine, where they undergo catabolism by the colonic flora, leading to the release in the colon lumen of a number of potentially harmful compounds including phenols, indoles, amines, sulfide, and ammonia (21). NH 4 ϩ /NH 3 , which is the major nitrogenous end product of bacterial activities, is mainly produced through deamination of amino acids and, to a lesser extent, by urea hydrolysis in the large bowel (38,43). The luminal NH 4 ϩ /NH 3 concentration is primarily the net result of the bacterial NH 4 ϩ /NH 3 production, assimilation for bacterial de novo protein synthesis and large intestine absorption.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptative increase of ornithine production and decrease of ammonia metabolism in rat colonocytes after hyperproteic diet ingestion

Mouillé¹,

Robert²,

Blachier³

2004

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Mouillé, Béatrice, Véronique Robert, and François Blachier. Adaptative increase of ornithine production and decrease of ammonia metabolism in rat colonocytes after hyperproteic diet ingestion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287: G344 -G351, 2004. First published April 2, 2004 10.1152/ajpgi.00445.2003.-Chronic highprotein consumption leads to increased concentrations of NH4 ϩ /NH3 in the colon lumen. We asked whether this increase has consequences on colonic epithelial cell metabolism. Rats were fed isocaloric diets containing 20 (P20) or 58% (P58) casein as the protein source for 7 days. NH4 ϩ /NH3 concentration in the colonic lumen and in the colonic vein blood as well as ammonia metabolism by isolated surface colonic epithelial cells was determined. After 2 days of consumption of the P58 diet, marked increases of luminal and colonic vein blood NH4 ϩ /NH3 concentrations were recorded when compared with the values obtained in the P20 group. Colonocytes recovered from the P58 group were characterized at that time and thereafter by an increased capacity for L-ornithine and urea production through arginase (P Ͻ 0.05). L-Ornithine was mostly used in the presence of NH4Cl for the synthesis of the metabolic end product L-citrulline. After 7 days of the P58 diet consumption, however, the ammonia metabolism into Lcitrulline was found lower (P Ͻ 0.01) when compared with the values measured in the colonocytes recovered from the P20 group despite any decrease in the related enzymatic activities (i.e., carbamoylphosphate synthetase I and ornithine carbamoyl transferase). This decrease was found to coincide with a return of blood NH4 ϩ /NH3 concentration in colonic portal blood to values close to the one recorded in the P20 group. In response to increased NH 4 ϩ /NH3 concentration in the colon, the increased capacity of the colonocytes to synthesize L-ornithine is likely to correspond to an elevated Lornithine requirement for the elimination of excessive blood ammonia in the liver urea cycle. Moreover, in the presence of NH 4Cl, colonocytes diminished their synthesis capacity of L-citrulline from Lornithine, allowing a lower cellular utilization of this latter amino acid. These results are discussed in relationship with an adaptative process that would be related to both interorgan metabolism and to the role of the colonic epithelium as a first line of defense toward luminal NH 4 ϩ /NH3 concentrations.

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“…The luminal acidification of the cecum and colon by lactitol may be due to the formation of volatile organic acids, including acetic, propionic and butyric acids, and nonvolatile lactic acid, which are yielded by intestinal flora through the metabolic pathway of lactitol (6). Acidification of the intestinal lumen has been reported to reduce ammonia generation from urea and amino acids (7,8) and to prevent the absorption of ammonia by causing ionization of the ammonia (9,10). Therefore, the decrease in ammonia content in the cecum induced by lactitol may also be important in decreasing ammonia concentration in the portal blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism for Lowering Blood Ammonia Levels by Lactitol

Masayoshi

Ozaki

Hirata

et al. 1995

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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ABSTRACT-Lactitolhas been reported to decrease the blood ammonia concentration in various experimental hyperammonemia models such as portacaval shunted rats. The mechanism responsible for this lowering of blood ammonia levels was investigated in rats. When lactitol was given orally twice a day for 7 days at doses of 3 and 10 g/kg/day and at half that daily dose on day 8, it significantly decreased the ammonia concentration of the portal blood by 27.3-43.2%, cecal ammonia contents by 49.2-57.6%, and the pH of the cecal contents from 6.52 to 5.92 -5.54, 4 hr after the final administration. Lactitol also inhibited increases in the portal ammonia concentration induced by the intracecal administration of ammonium acetate (300 mg/kg) 4 hr after the final administration. When lactitol was given orally at bolus doses of 1 and 3 g/kg simultaneously with a charcoal meal, lactitol significantly facilitated small intestinal transit by 12-13%. At a bolus dose of 3 g/kg, given 1 hr before the administration of a charcoal meal into the proximal colon, lactitol significantly facilitated colonic transit by 29.5%. These effects of lactitol were similar to those of lactulose. These findings suggest that lactitol decreases blood ammonia concentration by inhibiting both the production and the absorption of ammonia through reducing intestinal pH and shortening the residence time of intestinal contents in the intestinal tract.Keywords: Lactitol, Mechanism, Blood ammonia level, Intestinal transit Hepatic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder in which symptoms of psychosis/neuropathy and consciousness disorder caused by acute or chronic hepatic failure are manifested. The mechanism underlying the development of hepatic encephalopathy is not known. Since hyperammonemia is frequently observed in the development of this disease, however, ammonia has been noted as an important factor (1-3).Lactitol has been shown to decrease blood ammonia levels in portacaval shunted (PCS) rats treated with carbontetrachloride or dimethylnitrosamine (4). In addition, lactitol inhibits the increase of ammonia content in the brain and coma after administration of ammonium acetate in PCS rats treated with carbontetrachloride or dimethylnitrosamine (4).In the present study, we investigated the mechanism whereby lactitol lowers blood ammonia levels in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS AnimalsMale Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 -7 weeks of age, were purchased from Japan SLC and used at 6-8 weeks of age.The rats were fed F-2 chow (Funabashi Farm, Funabashi) and received tap water ad libitum. They were kept in a room that was ventilated more than 15 times/hr, at a temperature of 21-251C and humidity of 45 % -65 % . DrugsLactitol monohydrate [(+)-4-0-~-D-galactopyranosyln-glucitol monohydrate; NS-4, Zyma, Nyon, Switzerland; regarded as lactitol only] (Fig. 1) is a white odorless crystalline or crystallic powder that has a sweet taste. Lactitol was given as a solution in distilled water. As a reference drug, lactulose (Fig. 1, lactulose syrup containing 60% lactulose; Nikken, Tok...

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Ammonia production by intestinal bacteria: the effects of lactose, lactulose and glucose

Cited by 150 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of Bromacil, Malathion and Thiabendazole on Cyanobacteria Mat Growth

Effects of Bromacil, Malathion and Thiabendazole on Cyanobacteria Mat Growth

Adaptative increase of ornithine production and decrease of ammonia metabolism in rat colonocytes after hyperproteic diet ingestion

Mechanism for Lowering Blood Ammonia Levels by Lactitol

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