Amperometric Cytosensor for Studying Mitochondrial Interferences Induced by Plasticizers Bisphenol B and Bisphenol A

Abstract

The widespread presence of plasticizers Bisphenol B (BPB) and Bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials, medical equipment, and common household products is a toxicological risk factor for health due to internal exposure after environmental dietary exposure. This work describes the use of an amperometric cytosensor (i.e., a whole cell-based amperometric biosensoristic device) for studying mitochondrial interferences of BPA and BPB (5–100 µg/mL) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model following long-term (24 h) exposure (acute toxicity). Percentage interference (%ρ) on yeast aerobic mitochondrial catabolism was calculated after comparison of aerobic respiration of exposed and control S. cerevisiae cell suspensions. Results suggested the hypothesis of a dose-dependent co-action of two mechanisms, namely uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. These mechanisms respectively matched with opposite effects of hyperstimulation and inhibition of cellular respiration. While uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress have been previously described as separate effects from in vitro BPA exposure using other biochemical endpoints and biological systems, effects of BPB on cellular aerobic respiration are here reported for the first time. Results highlighted a similar hyperstimulation effect after exposure to 5 µg/mL BPA and BPB. About a 2-fold higher cellular respiration inhibition potency was observed after exposures to 15, 30, and 100 µg/mL BPB compared to BPA. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was used as model uncoupling agent. A time-dependent mechanism of mitochondrial interference was also highlighted.

Acute Exposure to Bisphenol A Causes Oxidative Stress Induction with Mitochondrial Origin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells

“…In addition, we show that this treatment also increases mitochondrial O 2 •− levels. Dragone et al [ 48 ] studied the mitochondrial interference of BPA and bisphenol B (BPB) (5–100 µg/mL) in the yeast S. cerevisiae following long-term (24 h) exposure and revealed a similar hyperstimulation effect at 5 µg/mL concentration for BPA and BPB, respectively. However, about two-fold higher cellular respiration inhibition potency was observed for BPB as compared with BPA after exposure to 15, 30, and 100 µg/mL.…”

Microalgae-Based Fluorimetric Bioassays for Studying Interferences on Photosynthesis Induced by Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of the Herbicide Diuron

“…Statistical differences between exposed and control C. reinhardtii cell suspensions were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication testing for randomized block design. Randomized block design of ANOVA testing helped to reduce possible confounding factors that may affect the comparison between data acquired in different days of testing, e.g., possible differences between working C. reinhardtii cell suspensions prepared on different days [ 30 ].…”

Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method to assess bisphenol F levels in milk

“…BPF is an endocrine disruptor (ED) and shows a similar BPA hormonal activity and critical endocrine effects on metabolism, growth, reproduction, fetal and sexual development, gender behavior, stress response, and insulin production. In addition, BPF contributes through synergistic effects to obesity and diabetes in childhood and immune system impairment (Bansal et al ., 2018 ; Andújar et al ., 2019 ; Dragone et al ., 2020 ). Restrictions on the use of BPA in certain consumer products have been suggested and a specific migration limit (SML) of 0.05 mg/kg into/onto food from varnishes or coatings applied to food contact materials was fixed (Regulation (EU) No 2018/213).…”