Amphibian immunity–stress, disease, and climate change

Rollins‐Smith, Louise A.

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.002

Cited by 170 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…For example, it is possible that these populations can coexist with Bd because they carry cutaneous bacteria that release anti‐Bd compounds, although none have been detected in individuals of the relict populations of the Golfito robber frog (Madison et al, ) or in a similar critically endangered species ( C. ranoides ) which also catastrophically declined in the 1980s (Puschendorf et al, ; Zumbado‐Ulate, Bolaños, Willink, & Soley‐Guardia, ). Additionally, antimicrobial peptides and immune defenses (innate and adaptive) may play a role in this host–pathogen coexistence (Rollins‐Smith, ; Woodhams et al, ). Alternatively, persistence of these populations could be associated with behavioral adaptations that rapidly clear infection or to local dry conditions that constrain Bd growth allowing susceptible frogs to coexist with low levels of Bd infection (Chaves et al, ; Puschendorf et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is common in tropical lowland habitats: Implications for amphibian conservation

Zumbado‐Ulate

García‐Rodríguez

Vredenburg

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Numerous species of amphibians declined in Central America during the 1980s and 1990s. These declines mostly affected highland stream amphibians and have been primarily linked to chytridiomycosis, a deadly disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Since then, the majority of field studies on Bd in the Tropics have been conducted in midland and highland environments (>800 m) mainly because the environmental conditions of mountain ranges match the range of ideal abiotic conditions for Bd in the laboratory. This unbalanced sampling has led researchers to largely overlook host–pathogen dynamics in lowlands, where other amphibian species declined during the same period. We conducted a survey testing for Bd in 47 species ( n = 348) in four lowland sites in Costa Rica to identify local host–pathogen dynamics and to describe the abiotic environment of these sites. We detected Bd in three sampling sites and 70% of the surveyed species. We found evidence that lowland study sites exhibit enzootic dynamics with low infection intensity and moderate to high prevalence (55% overall prevalence). Additionally, we found evidence that every study site represents an independent climatic zone, where local climatic differences may explain variations in Bd disease dynamics. We recommend more detection surveys across lowlands and other sites that have been historically considered unsuitable for Bd occurrence. These data can be used to identify sites for potential disease outbreaks and amphibian rediscoveries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is common in tropical lowland habitats: Implications for amphibian conservation

Zumbado‐Ulate

García‐Rodríguez

Vredenburg

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Emerging diseases such as ranavirus diseases and chytridiomycosis are thought to be associated with the decline of amphibian populations in the world (Rollins‐Smith, ). The role of E. miricola infection in Q. spinosa population decline needs to be assessed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elizabethkingia miricolainfection in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa)

Lei

Geng

Chung

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Elizabethkingia miricola is a Gram‐negative rod which has been incriminated in severe infections in humans. Recently, a serious infectious disease was identified in Chinese spiny frogs (Quasipaa spinosa), in the Sichuan Province of China; the disease was characterized by corneal opacity, the presence of ascites and neurological symptoms. A Gram‐negative bacillus was isolated from the liver, spleen and kidney of the diseased frogs. Experimental infection test revealed that the bacillus could infect the frogs Q. spinosa and the LD50 value was 1.19 × 106 cfu per frog. The isolated Gram‐negative bacillus was identified as E. miricola according to phenotypic characteristics, 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis. The isolated strain was only susceptible to florfenicol among all investigated chemotherapeutic agents. Histological examination revealed that E. miricola infection caused pathological lesions to multiple organs and tissues, especially in the liver, brain, kidney. These results confirmed that E. miricola is an emerging pathogen of Chinese spiny frogs.

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“…In fact, many of the host traits associated with symbiont fitness depend on the response of the host to the off-host environment, such as body size (Angilletta, Steury & Sears, 2004;Ashton, 2004) or pathogen resistance (e.g. Schade, Shama & Wegner, 2014;Rollins-Smith, 2017).…”

Section: (2) Symbiont-biotope Interactions Mediated By a Dual Environmentioning

confidence: 99%

A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts

2019

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Range expansion results from complex eco‐evolutionary processes where range dynamics and niche shifts interact in a novel physical space and/or environment, with scale playing a major role. Obligate symbionts (i.e. organisms permanently living on hosts) differ from free‐living organisms in that they depend on strong biotic interactions with their hosts which alter their niche and spatial dynamics. A symbiotic lifestyle modifies organism–environment relationships across levels of organisation, from individuals to geographical ranges. These changes influence how symbionts experience colonisation and, by extension, range expansion. Here, we investigate the potential implications of a symbiotic lifestyle on range expansion capacity. We present a unified conceptual overview on range expansion of symbionts that integrates concepts grounded in niche and metapopulation theories. Overall, we explain how niche‐driven and dispersal‐driven processes govern symbiont range dynamics through their interaction across scales, from host switching to geographical range shifts. First, we describe a background framework for range dynamics based on metapopulation concepts applied to symbiont organisation levels. Then, we integrate metapopulation processes operating in the physical space with niche dynamics grounded in the environmental arena. For this purpose, we provide a definition of the biotope (i.e. living place) specific to symbionts as a hinge concept to link the physical and environmental spaces, wherein the biotope unit is a metapopulation patch (either a host individual or a land fragment). Further, we highlight the dual nature of the symbionts' niche, which is characterised by both host traits and the external environment, and define proper conceptual variants to provide a meaningful unification of niche, biotope and symbiont organisation levels. We also explore variation across systems in the relative relevance of both external environment and host traits to the symbiont's niche and their potential implications on range expansion. We describe in detail the potential mechanisms by which hosts, through their function as biotopes, could influence how some symbionts expand their range – depending on the life history and traits of both associates. From the spatial point of view, hosts can extend symbiont dispersal range via host‐mediated dispersal, although the requirement for among‐host dispersal can challenge symbiont range expansion. From the niche point of view, homeostatic properties of host bodies may allow symbiont populations to become insensitive to off‐host environmental gradients during host‐mediated dispersal. These two potential benefits of the symbiont–host interaction can enhance symbiont range expansion capacity. On the other hand, the central role of hosts governing the symbiont niche makes symbionts strongly dependent on the availability of suitable hosts. Thus, environmental, dispersal and biotic barriers faced by suitable hosts apply also to the symbiont, unless eventual opportunities for host switch...

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Amphibian immunity–stress, disease, and climate change

Cited by 170 publications

References 138 publications

Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is common in tropical lowland habitats: Implications for amphibian conservation

Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is common in tropical lowland habitats: Implications for amphibian conservation

Elizabethkingia miricolainfection in Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa)

A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts

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