Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Used to Investigate Genetic Variability of the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Across North America

Genetic variability of the stable fly assessed on a global scale using amplified fragment length polymorphism

“…The dendrogram is indicative of a panmictic population, also supporting our alternative hypothesis, with multiple introductions into the Western Hemisphere and no apparent isolation by distance or geographical barriers. When a dendrogram is generated with only the Nearctic and Neotropical samples (data not shown; see Kneeland et al ., ), there is a logical pairing of sample groups from similar locations; the same applies for a dendrogram generated from the sample groups from the Eastern Hemisphere (data not shown). However, when all samples were analyzed together the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions were interspersed between the others; we interpret this as indication that the stable fly origins were from these regions.…”

“…However, when all samples were analyzed together the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions were interspersed between the others; we interpret this as indication that the stable fly origins were from these regions. Five of the Denmark samples group together in the first clade, which suggests some isolation (this may represent a large portion of the 30.28% variation of subpopulations within groups as indicated in the results from the AMOVA); the remaining 2 Denmark samples join the second clade adjacent to Montana and North Carolina, which are closely related in the dendrogram of samples from the Western Hemisphere (Kneeland et al ., ). Australia and Morocco are associated with the Denmark locations in the first clade.…”

“…AFLP‐PCR was performed using a protocol commonly used in our laboratory (Lindroth et al ., ; Kneeland et al ., , ), modified from Vos et al . (), and included: (i) restriction of the DNA with Mse I and Eco RI restriction enzymes; (ii) adapter ligation with Mse I and Eco RI adapters; (iii) preamplification; and (iv) selective amplification with 4 combinations of Mse I and Eco RI primers (Table ).…”

“…Stable fly samples from the Western Hemisphere were the same as those used in previous research (Kneeland et al ., ). Samples were supplied by colleagues around the world (Table ); different collection methods were used, and some specimens had been preserved from previous research.…”

“…DNA was extracted using the CTAB (Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) method (Doyle & Doyle, ) with modifications. The procedures for extraction (which included homogenization of the thorax, addition, and incubation of Proteinase K and RNaseA, and centrifugation followed by supernatant transfer and cold storage) and quantification of DNA from individuals for each sample location using a spectrophotometer were the same as previously reported (Kneeland et al ., ).…”