Amygdalin - A pharmacological and toxicological review

He, Xiao-Yan; Wu, Lijuan; Wang, Wenxiang; Xie, Pei-Jun; Chen, Yun-Hui; Wang, Fei

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112717

Cited by 92 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…XFZYD exhibits a series of pharmacological activities for TBI including ameliorating neurological deficits, reducing inflammation (Xing et al, 2016), improving cognitive impairments (Zhou et al, 2017), etc. XFZYD-derived components, such as amygdalin and neohesperidin, exerted neuroprotective effects through improving neurodegeneration (He et al, 2020) and attenuating apoptosis (Wang et al, 2018), respectively. Despite these researches, the application of XFZYD is limited by its multi-target performances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics Deciphers Potential Targets of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat

et al. 2020

Front. Pharmacol.

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Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) performs multiple functions for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment. However, its clinical application is limited by the incomplete exploration of targets and inadequate discussion of mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the metabolic alterations of XFZYD in acute and chronic stages of TBI. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham, controlled cortical impact (CCI) and XFZYD group. Behavioral and histopathological tests were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects. Coagulation assays were performed to assess safety. Moreover, we analyzed the metabolomic profiling of hippocampal samples with different time intervals after CCI by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Differential metabolites were screened by multivariate data analysis. To further uncover the association between candidate metabolites and biological interaction networks, we applied bioinformatics analysis using MetaboAnalyst 4.0, STITCH 5.0 and TCMSP. The potential mechanism was verified by ELISA and Western blot. XFZYD ameliorated neurological deficiencies post-CCI without impairing blood coagulation in the rat's model. Seventeen and fourteen metabolites were filtered on d 3 and 21, respectively. Eleven of potential metabolites were common at these time points, involving two significant pathways (arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the related pathways were specifically affected by XFZYD at the acute phase of TBI, while biosynthesis of amino acids was the major pathway influenced at the chronic phase. This study provides broad insights into the therapeutic effects of XFZYD in treating TBI through the whole phases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics Deciphers Potential Targets of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat

et al. 2020

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…On the other side, amygdalin might be used as an alternative therapy for bone fractures mediated by TGF-beta/Smad signaling [31]. However, its antiinflammatory and analgesic activities were reviewed [32]. Table 1, lists the key sources relating to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of amygdalin.…”

Section: Anti-cancer Mechanisms Of Amygdalin: a Molecular Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdalin as a Plant-Based Bioactive Constituent: A Mini-Review on Intervention with Gut Microbiota, Anticancer Mechanisms, Bioavailability, and Microencapsulation

Barakat

2020

First International Electronic Conference on Nutrients, Microbiota and Chronic Disease

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Amygdalin—a plant-based bioactive constituent particularly abundant in bitter almond has been identified as featuring the cyanogenic glycoside chemical organic compound which was originally intended to be a medication for cancer treatment once hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Unfortunately, studies have revealed that HCN can similarly affect normal cells, rendering it harming the human body. Both in vivo and in vitro investigations are extremely controversial and make its use unsafe. An updated substantial review on the source, structure, intervention with gut microbiota, anticancer therapy, bioavailability, and microencapsulation of amygdalin was summarized. Amygdalin provided anti-tumor, anti-fibrotic, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, ameliorating digestive and reproductive systems, and enhancing neurodegeneration as well as myocardial hypertrophy. Studies confirmed the toxicity of amygdalin produced by its HCN after oral ingestion. However, the intravenous route of administration was much less toxic than the oral route and can be avoided with an oral dosage ranging from 0.6 to 1 g daily. The diversity of gut consortium is a key factor in inducing toxicity by amygdalin. Indeed, there is no guaranteed way to point out the microbial consortium for each person and provide a safe oral dosage. Recently, the encapsulating of amygdalin using alginate–chitosaninanoparticles (ACNPs) as transporter was investigated. As an active drug delivery mechanism for regulated and constant release of amygdalin with its enhanced cytotoxic effect on cancerous cells, biocompatible and biodegradable ACNPs can be applied while protectinginormal cells and tissues. In conclusion, still unproven and conflicting facts give way to a broad avenue of researchifor a compound that could potentially be the next stage of cancer therapy.

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“…As for the standard entropy of solution (∆ soln S o ), it is negative for pure ethanol, while it is positive for water-rich mixtures, suggesting an overall entropy-driven process for the latter mixtures. The relative contributions by enthalpy (ζ H ) and by entropy (ζ TS ) toward standard Gibbs free energy of solution are given by Equations (12) and (13), respectively:…”

Section: Thermodynamic Functions Of Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have demonstrated the antitumor activities of amygdalin on prostate cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, rectal cancer, and colon cancer [6]. Furthermore, highly purified amygdalin used in therapeutic dosage levels has antioxidant, anti-fibrosis [7], anti-inflammatory, analgesic [8,9], anti-atherosclerosis [10][11][12], anti-cardiac hypertrophy [13], anti-ulcer [14], anti-tussive, and anti-asthmatic effects [15]. Table 1 shows the experimental solubility of amygdalin (3) in {ethanol (1) + water (2)} cosolvent mixtures including EtOH and water neat solvents at nine temperatures (293.15-328.15 K).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility, Solution Thermodynamics, and Preferential Solvation of Amygdalin in Ethanol + Water Solvent Mixtures

et al. 2020

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The equilibrium solubility of amygdalin in [ethanol (1) + water (2)] mixtures at 293.15 K to 328.15 K was reported. The thermodynamic properties (standard enthalpy ΔsolnH°, standard entropy ΔsolnS°, and standard Gibbs energy of solution ΔsolnG°) were computed using the generated solubility data via van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. The dissolution process of amygdalin is endothermic and the driving mechanism in all mixtures is entropy. Maximal solubility was achieved in 0.4 mole fraction of ethanol at 328.15 K and the minimal one in neat ethanol at 293.15 K. Van’t Hoff, Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff, and Buchowski–Ksiazczak models were used to simulate the obtained solubility data. The calculated solubilities deviate reasonably from experimental data. Preferential solvation parameters of amygdalin in mixture solvents were analyzed using the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals (IKBI) method. Amygdalin is preferentially solvated by water in ethanol-rich mixtures, whereas in water-rich mixtures, there is no clear evidence that determines which of water or ethanol solvents would be most likely to solvate the molecule.

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Amygdalin - A pharmacological and toxicological review

Cited by 92 publications

References 81 publications

Metabolomics Deciphers Potential Targets of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat

Metabolomics Deciphers Potential Targets of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat

Amygdalin as a Plant-Based Bioactive Constituent: A Mini-Review on Intervention with Gut Microbiota, Anticancer Mechanisms, Bioavailability, and Microencapsulation

Solubility, Solution Thermodynamics, and Preferential Solvation of Amygdalin in Ethanol + Water Solvent Mixtures

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