Abstract.We study the effect of various sources of error on the propagation of uncertain parameters and data through surrogate response surfaces approximating quantities of interest from stochastic differential equations. The main result centers on a novel approach for improving the pointwise accuracy of a surrogate with the use of an adjoint-based a posteriori estimate of its error. A general error analysis on propagated distribution functions for both forward and inverse problems is derived. To provide concrete examples focusing on the use of the improved surrogate, we consider standard polynomial spectral methods to approximate the surrogate. However, neither the definition of the improved surrogate nor the general error analysis for the computed distribution functions requires a specific surrogate formulation. Numerical results comparing pointwise errors in propagated distributions using a surrogate versus its improved counterpart demonstrate global decreases in both actual error and in error bounds for both forward and inverse problems. 1. Introduction. There is considerable interest in developing efficient and accurate methods to quantify the uncertainty in computational differential equation models [48,47,40]. Often, a two stage approach for solving this problem is formulated. First, a large number of samples of model parameters or input data are determined in terms of realizations of a stochastic process. Second, the probability distribution is approximately propagated through the computational model to the output or observable data.The first stage involves a priori knowledge and is often a modeling decision of the user, e.g., choosing to model a parameter as a random process with some specified distribution. The majority of the computational burden is in the second stage, involving the propagation of inputs to outputs. A simple approach is Monte Carlo simulation [43,57], where the model is solved for each randomly generated input sample resulting in samples of the output distribution. From these output samples, statistics or density estimates on specific quantities of interest may be computed. While the implementation is straightforward, this method can become computationally prohibitive for complex models where a large number of runs of the