An Academic Study of Women’s Rights in the Light of the Shari’ah and Social Modern Issues

Rehman, Badshah; Rehman, Sayed Maqsood ur

doi:10.33195/uochjrs-v1i2722018

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Pavlov's pioneering work inspired decades of conditioning research 1,[3][4][5][6][7][8]31 . More recent findings even suggest that conscious awareness of the neutral stimulus is not required for successful conditioning 9 .…”

Section: Test Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) founded classical ("Pavlovian") conditioning and behavioral learning theory 1 . Before starting his groundbreaking experiments, he observed in dogs, that the owner's footsteps triggered salivation even though there was no food in sight.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After conditioning, the sound of the bell (conditioned stimulus) alone provoked salivation (conditioned response) in the absence of food. Since Pavlov's groundbreaking findings 1 , many studies showed that various body reactions, such as fear responses 2,3 , or the eyeblink reflex [4][5][6] can be classically conditioned.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Classical conditioning of faciliatory paired-pulse TMS

Ewers

Dreier

Al-Bas

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this proof-of-concept study, we questioned whether the influence of TMS on cortical excitability can be applied to classical conditioning. More specifically, we investigated whether the faciliatory influence of paired-pulse TMS on the excitability of the human motor cortex can be transferred to a simultaneously presented auditory stimulus through conditioning. During the conditioning phase, 75 healthy young participants received 170 faciliatory paired TMS pulses (1st pulse at 95% resting motor threshold, 2nd at 130%, interstimulus interval 12 ms), always presented simultaneously with one out of two acoustic stimuli. In the test phase, 20 min later, we pseudorandomly applied 100 single TMS pulses (at 130% MT), 50 paired with the conditioned tone—50 paired with a control tone. Using the Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test, we found significantly enhanced median amplitudes of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) paired with the conditioned tone as compared to the control tone, suggesting successful conditioning (p = 0.031, responder rate 55%, small effect size of r = − 0.248). The same comparison in only those participants with a paired-pulse amplitude < 2 mV in the conditioning phase, increased the responder rate to 61% (n = 38) and effect size to moderate (r = − 0.389). If we considered only those participants with a median paired-pulse amplitude < 1 mV, responder rate increased further to 79% (n = 14) and effect size to r = − 0.727 (i.e., large effect). These findings suggest increasingly stronger conditioning effects for smaller MEP amplitudes during paired-pulse TMS conditioning. These proof-of-concept findings extend the scope of classical conditioning to faciliatory paired-pulse TMS.

show abstract