“…In this second approach, the complex domain is embedded into a larger, regular domain and the boundary conditions are approximated by a variety of different techniques. Examples include the adaptive fast multipole accelerated Poisson solver (e.g., [4]), which combines boundary and volume integral methods in the larger domain, fictitious domain methods (e.g., [5,6,7,8]) where Lagrange multipliers are applied in order to enforce the boundary conditions, immersed boundary (e.g., [9,10,11,12]), front-tracking (e.g., [13,14,15]) and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian methods (e.g., [16,17,18,19]) utilize separate surface and volume meshes where force distributions are interpolated from the surface to the volume meshes, in a neighborhood of the domain boundary, to approximate the boundary conditions. In addition, a number of specialized methods have been designed to achieve better than first order accuracy in the L ∞ norm.…”