“…Several surrogate model methods have been proposed in prior studies. This includes and is not limited to polynomial chaos expansion (Laloy et al., 2013; Xiu & Karniadakis, 2002), Gaussian process (H. Wang & Li, 2018; J. Zhang et al., 2016), Kriging surrogate modeling (X. Yan et al., 2019; J. Zhou et al., 2018), support vector machine (Lal & Datta, 2018; Xingpo et al., 2021), conventional artificial neural network (i.e., single hidden layer neural network; Kourakos & Mantoglou, 2009; Shin et al., 2019), and radial basis function (Y. Liu, Wang, et al., 2019; Xing et al., 2019). Unfortunately, these conventional methods are faced with the problem of dimensionality (i.e., “curse of dimensionality”), since the computational cost for constructing surrogate models increases exponentially as the input dimensionality increases (Asher et al., 2015; Liao et al., 2017; Mo, Zabaras, et al., 2019).…”